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etextsver xx xx xxend copyright act of xxxx source title xx united states code sections xxxxxx sections xxx xxx and xxx of the u s copyright act are of particular interest to the projected user community of this information however in order to have the convenience of access to the complete act available it is provided here in its entirety section xxx definitions as used in this title the following terms and their variant forms mean the following an anonymous work is a work on the copies or phonorecords of which no natural person is identified as author audiovisual works are works that consist of a series of related images which are intrinsically intended to be shown by the use of machines or devices such as projectors viewers or electronic equipment together with accompanying sounds if any regardless of the nature of the material objects such as films or tapes in which the works are embodied the best edition of a work is the edition published in the united states at any time before the date of deposit that the library of congress determines to be most suitable for its purposes a persons children are that persons immediate offspring whether legitimate or not and any children legally adopted by that person a collective work is a work such as a periodical issue anthology or encyclopedia in which a number of contributions constituting separate and independent works in themselves are assembled into a collective whole a compilation is a work formed by the collection and assembling of preexisting materials or of data that are selected coordinated or arranged in such a way that the resulting work as a whole constitutes an original work of authorship the term compilation includes collective works a computer program is a set of statements or instructions to be used directly or indirectly in a computer in order to bring about a certain result copies are material objects other than phonorecords in which a work is fixed by any method now known or later developed and from which the work can be perceived reproduced or otherwise communicated either directly or with the aid of a machine or device the term copies includes the material object other than a phonorecord in which the work is first fixed copyright owner with respect to any one of the exclusive rights comprised in a copyright refers to the owner of that particular right a work is created when it is fixed in a copy or phonorecord for the first time where a work is prepared over a period of time the portion of it that has been fixed at any particular time constitutes the work as of that time and where the work has been prepared in different versions each version constitutes a separate work a derivative work is a work based upon one or more preexisting works such as a translation musical arrangement dramatization fictionalization motion picture version sound recording art reproduction abridgment condensation or any other form in which a work may be recast transformed or adapted a work consisting of editorial revisions annotations elaborations or other modifications which as a whole represent an original work of authorship is a derivative work a device machine or process is one now known or later developed to display a work means to show a copy of it either directly or by means of a film slide television image or any other device or processor in the case of a motion picture or other audiovisual work to show individual images nonsequentially a work is fixed in a tangible medium of expression when its embodiment in a copy or phonorecord by or under the authority of the author is sufficiently permanent or stable to permit it to be perceived reproduced or otherwise communicated for a period of more than transitory duration a work consisting of sounds images or both that are being transmitted is fixed for purposes of this title if a fixation of the work is being made simultaneously with its transmission the terms including and such as are illustrative and not limitative a joint work is a work prepared by two or more authors with the intention that their contributions be merged into inseparable or interdependent parts of a unitary whole literary works are works other than audiovisual works expressed in words numbers or other verbal or numerical symbols or indicia regardless of the nature of the material objects such as books periodicals manuscripts phonorecords film tapes disks or cards in which they are embodied motion pictures are audiovisual works consisting of a series of related images which when shown in succession impart an impression of motion together with accompanying sounds if any to perform a work means to recite render play dance or act it either directly or by means of any device or process or in the case of a motion picture or other audiovisual work to show its images in any sequence or to make the sounds accompanying it audible phonorecords are material objects in which sounds other than those accompanying a motion picture or other audiovisual work are fixed by any method now known or later developed and from which the sounds can be perceived reproduced or otherwise communicated either directly or with the aid of a machine or device the term phonorecords includes the material object in which the sounds are first fixed pictorial graphic and sculptural works include two dimensional and threedimensional works of fine graphic and applied art photographs prints and art reproductions maps globes charts technical drawings diagrams and models such works shall include works of artistic craftsmanship insofar as their form but not their mechanical or utilitarian aspects are concerned the design of a useful article as defined in this section shall be considered a pictorial graphic or sculptural work only if and only to the extent that such design incorporates pictorial graphic or sculptural features that can be identified separately from and are capable of existing independently of the utilitarian aspects of the article a pseudonymous work is a work on the copies or phonorecords of which the author is identified under a fictitious name publication is the distribution of copies or phonorecords of a work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership or by rental lease or lending the offering to distribute copies or phonorecords to a group of persons for purposes of further distribution public performance or public display constitutes publication a public performance or display of a work does not of itself constitute publication to perform or display a work publicly means gx to perform or display it at a place open to the public or at any place where a substantial number of persons outside of a normal circle of a family and its social acquaintances is gathered or gx to transmit or otherwise communicate a performance or display of the work to a place specified by clause x or to the public by means of any device or process whether the members of the public capable of receiving the performance or display receive it in the same place or in separate places and at the same time or at different times sound recordings are works that result from the fixation of a series of musical spoken or other sounds but not including the sounds accompanying a motion picture or other audiovisual work regardless of the nature of the material objects such as disks tapes or other phonorecords in which they are embodied state includes the district of columbia and the commonwealth of puerto rico and any territories to which this title is made applicable by an act of congress a transfer of copyright ownership is an assignment mortgage exclusive license or any other conveyance alienation or hypothecation of a copyright or of any of the exclusive rights comprised in a copyright whether or not it is limited in time or place of effect but not including a nonexclusive license a transmission program is a body of material that as an aggregate has been produced for the sole purpose of transmission to the public in sequence and as a unit to transmit a performance or display is to communicate it by any device or process whereby images or sounds are received beyond the place from which they are sent the united states when used in a geographical sense comprises the several states the district of columbia and the commonwealth of puerto rico and the organized territories under the jurisdiction of the united states government a useful article is an article having an intrinsic utilitarian function that is not merely to portray the appearance of the article or to convey information an article that is normally a part of a useful article is considered a useful article the authors widow or widower is the authors surviving spouse under the law of the authors domicile at the time of his or her death whether or not the spouse has later remarried a work of the united states government is a work prepared by any officer or employee of the united states government as part of that persons official duties a work made for hire is gx a work prepared by an employee within the scope of his or her employment or gx a work specially ordered or commissioned for use as a contribution to a collective work as a part of a motion picture or other audiovisual work as a translation as a supplementary work as a compilation as an instructional text as a test as answer material for a test or as an atlas if the parties expressly agree in a written instrument signed by them that the work shall be considered a work made for hire for the purpose of the foregoing sentence a supplementary work is a work prepared for publication as a secondary adjunct to a work by another author for the purpose of introducing concluding illustrating explaining revising commenting upon or assisting in the use of the other work such as forewords afterwords pictorial illustrations maps charts tables editorial notes musical arrangements answer material for tests bibliographies appendixes and indexes and an instructional text is a literary pictorial or graphic work prepared for publication and with the purpose of use in systematic instructional activities section xxx subject matter of copyright in general ga copyright protection subsists in accordance with this title in original works of authorship fixed in any tangible medium of expression now known or later developed from which they can be perceived reproduced or otherwise communicated either directly or with the aid of a machine or device works of authorship include the following categories gx literary works gx musical works including any accompanying words gx dramatic works including any accompanying music gx pantomimes and choreographic works gx pictorial graphic and sculptural works gx motion pictures and other audiovisual works and gx sound recordings gb in no case does copyright protection for an original work of authorship extend to any idea procedure process system method of operation concept principle or discovery regardless of the form in which it is described explained illustrated or embodied in such work section xxx subject matter of copyright compilations and derivative works ga the subject matter of copyright as specified by section xxx includes compilations and derivative works but protection for a work employing preexisting material in which copyright subsists does not extend to any part of the work in which such material has been used unlawfully gb the copyright in a compilation or derivative work extends only to the material contributed by the author of such work as distinguished from the preexisting material employed in the work and does not imply any exclusive right in the preexisting material the copyright in such work is independent of and does not affect or enlarge the scope duration ownership or subsistence of any copyright protection in the preexisting material section xxx subject matter of copyright national origin ga unpublished works the works specified by sections xxx and xxx while unpublished are subject to protection under this title without regard to the nationality or domicile of the author gb published works the works specified by section xxx and xxx when published are subject to protection under this title if x on the date of first publication one or more of the authors is a national or domiciliary of the united states or is a national domiciliary or sovereign authority of a foreign nation that is a party to a copyright treaty to which the united states is also a party or is a stateless person wherever that person may be domiciled or x the work is first published in the united states or in a foreign nation that on the date of first publication is a party to the universal copyright convention or x the work is first published by the united nations or any of its specialized agencies or by the organization of american states or x the work comes within the scope of a presidential proclamation whenever the president finds that a particular foreign nation extends to works by authors who are nationals or domiciliaries of the united states or to works that are first published in the united states copyright protection on substantially the same basis as that on which the foreign nation extends protection to works of its own nationals and domiciliaries and works first published in that nation the president may by proclamation extend protection under this title to works of which one or more of the authors is on the date of first publication a national domiciliary or sovereign authority of that nation or which was first published in that nation the president may revise suspend or revoke any such proclamation or impose any conditions or limitations on protection under a proclamation section xxx subject matter of copyright united states government works copyright protection under this title is not available for any work of the united states government but the united states government is not precluded from receiving and holding copyrights transferred to it by assignment bequest or otherwise section xxx exclusive rights in copyrighted works subject to sections xxx through xxx the owner of copyright under this title has the exclusive rights to do and to authorize any of the following gx to reproduce the copyrighted work in copies or phonorecords x to prepare derivative works based upon the copyrighted work x to distribute copies or phonorecords of the copyrighted work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership or by rental lease or lending x in the case of literary musical dramatic and choreographic works pantomimes and motion pictures and other audiovisual works to perform the copyrighted work publicly and x in the case of literary musical dramatic and choreographic works pantomimes and pictorial graphic or sculptural works including the individual images of a motion picture or other audiovisual work to display the copyrighted publicly section xxx limitations on exclusive rights fair use notwithstanding the provisions of section xxx the fair use of a copyrighted work including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section for purposes such as criticism comment news reporting teaching gincluding multiple copies for classroom use scholarship or research is not an infringement of copyright in determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include gx the purpose and character of the use including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes x the nature of the copyrighted work x the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole and x the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work section xxx limitations on exclusive rights reproduction by libraries and archives ga notwithstanding the provisions of section xxx it is not an infringement of copyright for a library or archives or any of its employees acting within the scope of their employment to reproduce no more than one copy or phonorecord of a work or to distribute such copy or phonorecord under the conditions specified by this section if gx the reproduction or distribution is made without any purpose of direct or indirect commercial advantage x the collections of the library or archives are i open to the public or ii available not only to researchers affiliated with the library or archives or with the institution of which it is a part but also to other persons doing research in a specialized field and x the reproduction or distribution of the work includes a notice of copyright b the rights of reproduction and distribution under this section apply to a copy or phonorecord of any unpublished work duplicated in facsimile form solely for purposes of preservation and security or for deposit for research use in another library or archives of the type described by clause x of subsection a if the copy or phonorecord reproduced is currently in the collections of the library or archives c the right of reproduction under this section applies to a copy or phonorecord of a published work duplicated in facsimile form solely for the purpose of replacement of a copy or phonorecord that is damaged deteriorating lost or stolen if the library or archives has after a reasonable effort determined that an unused replacement cannot be obtained at a fair price d the rights of reproduction and distribution under this section apply to a copy made from the collection of a library or archives where the user makes his or her request or from that of another library or archives of no more than one article or other contribution to a copyrighted collection or periodical issue or to a copy or phonorecord of a small part of any other copyrighted work if x the copy or phonorecord becomes the property of the user and the library or archives has had no notice that the copy or phonorecord would be used for any purpose other than private study scholarship or research and x the library or archives displays prominently at the place where orders are accepted and includes on its order form a warning of copyright in accordance with reQuirements that the register of copyrights shall prescribe by regulation e the rights of reproduction and distribution under this section apply to the entire work or to a substantial part of it made from the collection of a library or archives where the user makes his or her reQuest or from that of another library or archives if the library or archives has first determined on the basis of a reasonable investigation that a copy or phonorecord of the copyrighted work cannot be obtained at a pair sic prices if x the copy or phonorecord becomes the property of the user and the library or archives has had no notice that the copy or phonorecord would be used for any purpose other than private study scholarship or research and x the library or archives displays prominently at the place where orders are accepted and includes on its order form a warning of copyright in accordance with reQuirements that the register of copyrights shall prescribe by regulation f nothing in this section x shall be construed to impose liability for copyright infringement upon a library or archives or its employees for the unsupervised use of reproducing eQuipment located on its premises provided that such eQuipment displays a notice that the making of a copy may be subject to the copyright law x excuses a person who uses such reproducing eQuipment or who reQuests a copy or phonorecord under subsection d from liability for copyright infringement for any such act or for any later use of such copy or phonorecord if it exceeds fair use as provided by section xxx x shall be construed to limit the reproduction and distribution by lending of a limited number of copies and excerpts by a library or archives of an audiovisual new program subject to clauses x x and x of subsection a or x in any way affects the rights of fair use as provided by section xxx or any contractual obligations assumed at any time by the library or archives when it obtained a copy or phonorecord of a work in its collections g the rights of reproduction and distribution under this section extend to the isolated and unrelated reproduction or distribution of a single copy or phonorecord of the same material on separate occasions but do not extend to cases where the library or archives or its employee x is aware or has substantial reason to believe that it is engaging in the related or concerted reproduction or distribution of multiple copies or phonorecords of the same material whether made on one occasion or over a period of time and whether intended for aggregate use by one or more individuals or for separate use by the individual members of a group or x engages in the systematic reproduction or distribution of single or multiple copies or phonorecords of material described in subsection d provided that nothing in this cause prevents a library or archives from participating in interlibrary arrangements that do not have as their purpose or effect that the library or archives receiving such copies or phonorecords for distribution does so in such aggregate Quantities as to substitute for a subscription to or purchase of such work h the rights of reproduction and distribution under the section do not apply to a musical work a pictorial graphic or sculptural work or a motion picture or other audiovisual work other than an audiovisual work dealing with news except that no such limitation shall apply with respect to right granted by subsections b and c or with respect to pictorial or graphic works published as illustrations diagrams or similar adjuncts to works of which copies are reproduced or distributed in accordance with subsections d and e i five years from the effective date of this act and at fiveyear intervals thereafter the register of copyrights after consulting with representatives of authors book and periodical publishers and other owners of copyrighted materials and with representatives of library users and librarians shall submit to the congress a report setting forth the extent to which this section has achieved the intended statutory balancing of the rights of creators and the needs of users the report should also describe any problems that may have arisen and present legislative or other recommendations if warranted section xxx limitations on exclusive rights effect of transfer of particular copy or phonorecord ga notwithstanding the provisions of section xxxx the owner of a particular copy or phonorecord lawfully made under this title or any person authorized by such owner is entitled without the authority of the copyright owner to sell or otherwise dispose of the possession of that copy or phonorecord b x notwithstanding the provisions of subsection a unless authorized by the owners of copyright in the sound recording and in the musical works embodied therein the owner of a particular phonorecord may not for purposes of direct or indirect commercial advantage dispose of or authorize the disposal of the possession of that phonorecord by rental lease or lending or by any other act or practice in the nature of rental lease or lending nothing in the preceding sentence shall apply to the rental lease or lending of a phonorecord for nonprofit purposes by a nonprofit library or nonprofit educational institution x nothing in this subsection shall affect any provision of the antitrust laws for purposes of the preceding sentence antitrust laws has the meaning given that term in the first section of the clayton act and includes section x or the federal trade commission act to the extent that section relates to unfair methods of competition x any person who distributes a phonorecord in violation of clause x is an infringer of copyright under section xxx of this title and is subject to the remedies set forth in sections xxx xxx xxx xxx and xxx such violation shall not be a criminal offense under section xxx or cause such person to be subject to the criminal penalties set forth in section xxxx of title xx c notwithstanding the provisions of section xxxx the owner of a particular copy lawfully made under this title or any person authorized by such owner is entitled without the authority of the copyright owner to display that copy publicly either directly or by the projection of no more than one image at a time to viewers present at the place where the copy is located d the privileges prescribed by subsections a and b so as amended should be a and c do not unless authorized by the copyright owner extend to any person who has acquired possession of the copy or phonorecord from the copyright owner by rental lease loan or otherwise without acQuiring ownership of it section xxx limitations on exclusive rights exemption of certain performances and displays notwithstanding the provisions of section xxx the following are not infringements of copyright gx performance or display of a work by instructors or pupils in the course of facetoface teaching activities of a nonprofit educational institution in a classroom or similar place devoted to instruction unless in the case of a motion picture or other audiovisual work the performance or the display of individual images is given by means of a copy that was not lawfully made under this title and that the person responsible for the performance knew or had reason to believe was not lawfully made x performance of a nondramatic literary or musical work or display of a work by or in the course of a transmission if a the performance or display is a regular part of the systematic instructional activities of a governmental body or a nonprofit educational institution and b the performance or display is directly related and of assistance to the teaching content of the transmission and c the transmission is made primarily for i reception in classrooms or similar places normally to instruction or ii reception by persons to whom the transmission is because their disabilities or other special circumstances prevent their attendance in classrooms or similar places normally devoted to instruction or iii reception by officers or employees of governmental bodies as a part of their official duties or employment x performance of a nondramatic literary or musical work or of a dramaticomusical work of a religious nature or display of a work in the course of services at a place of worship or other religious assembly x performance of a nondramatic literary or musical work otherwise than in a transmission to the public without any purpose of direct or indirect commercial advantage and without payment of any fee or other compensation for the performance to any of its performers promoters or organizers if a there is no direct or indirect admission charge or b the proceeds after deducting the reasonable costs of producing the performance are used exclusively for educational religious or charitable purposes and not for private financial gain except where the copyright owner has served notice of objection to the performance under the following conditions i the notice shall be in writing and signed by the copyright owner or such owners duly authorized agent and ii the notice shall be served on the person responsible for the performance at least seven days before the date of the performance and shall state the reasons for the objection and iii the notice shall comply in form content and manner of service with requirements that the register of copyrights shall prescribe by regulation x communication of a transmission embodying a performance or display of a work by the public reception of the transmission on a single receiving apparatus of a kind commonly used in private homes unless a a direct charge is made to see or hear the transmission or b the transmission thus received is further transmitted to the public x performance of a nondramatic musical work by a governmental body or a nonprofit agricultural or horticultural organization in the course of an annual agricultural or horticultural fair or exhibition conducted by such body or organization the exemption provided by this clause shall extend to any liability for copyright infringement that would otherwise be imposed on such body or organization under doctrines of vicarious liability or related infringement for a performance by a concessionaire business establishment or other person at such fair or exhibition but shall not excuse any such person from liability for the performance x performance of a nondramatic musical work by a vending establishment open to the public at large without any direct or indirect admission charge where the sole purpose of the performance is to promote the retail sale of copies or phonorecords of the work and the performance is not transmitted beyond the place where the establishment is located and is within the immediate area where the sale is occurring x performance of a nondramatic literary work by or in the course of a transmission specifically designed for and primarily directed to blind or other handicapped persons who are unable to read normal printed material as a result of their handicap or deaf or other handicapped persons who are unable to hear the aural signals accompanying a transmission of visual signals if the performance is made without any purpose of direct or indirect commercial advantages and its transmission is made through the facilities of i a governmental body or ii a noncommercial educational broadcast station as defined in section xxx of title xx or iii a radio subcarrier authorization as defined in xx cfr xx xxxxx xxx and xx xxxxx xxx or iv a cable system as defined in section xxxf x performance on a single occasion of a dramatic literary work published at least ten years before the date of the performance by or in the course of a transmission specifically designed for and primarily directed to blind or other handicapped persons who are unable to read normal printed material as a result of their handicap if the performance is made without any purpose of direct or indirect commercial advantage and its transmission is made through the facilities of a radio subcarrier authorization referred to in clause xiii provided that the provisions of this clause shall not be applicable to more than one performance of the same work by the same performers or under the auspices of the same organization xx notwithstanding paragraph x above the following is not an infringement of copyright performance of a nondramatic literary or musical work in the course of a social function which is organized and promoted by a nonprofit veterans organization or a nonprofit fraternal organization to which the general public is not invited but not including the invitees of the organizations if the proceeds from the performance after deducting the reasonable costs of producing the performance are used exclusively for charitable purposes and not for financial gain for purposes of this section the social functions of any college or university fraternity or sorority shall not be included unless the social function is held solely to raise funds for a specific charitable purpose section xxx limitations on exclusive rights secondary transmissions ga certain secondary transmissions exempted the secondary transmission of a primary transmission embodying a performance or display of a work is not an infringement of copyright if x the secondary transmission is not made by a cable system and consists entirely of the relaying by the management of a hotel apartment house or similar establishment or signals transmitted by a broadcast station licensed by the federal communications commission within the local service area of such station to the private lodgings of guests or residents of such establishment and no direct charge is made to see or hear the secondary transmission or x the secondary transmission is made solely for the purpose and under the conditions specified by clause x of section xxx or x the secondary transmission is made by any carrier who has no direct or indirect control over the content or selection of the primary transmission or over the particular recipients of the secondary transmission and whose activities with respect to the secondary transmission consist solely of providing wires cables or other communications channels for the use of others provided that the provisions of this clause extend only to the activities of said carrier with respect to secondary transmissions and do not exempt from liability the activities of others with respect to their own primary or secondary transmissions or x the secondary transmission is not made by a cable system but is made by a governmental body or other nonprofit organization without any purpose of direct or indirect commercial advantage and without charge to the recipients of the secondary transmission other than assessments necessary to defray the actual and reasonable costs of maintaining and operating the secondary transmission service b secondary transmission of primary transmission to controlled group notwithstanding the provisions of subsections a and c the secondary transmission to the public of a primary transmission embodying a performance or display of a work is actionable as an act of infringement under section xxx and is fully subject to the remedies provided by sections xxx through xxx and xxx if the primary transmission is not made for reception by the public at large but is controlled and limited to reception by particular members of the public provided however that such secondary transmission is not actionable as an act of infringement if x the primary transmission is made by a broadcast station licensed by the federal communication and x the carriage of the signals comprising the secondary transmission is required under the rules regulations or authorizations of the federal communications commission and x the signal of the primary transmitter is not altered or changed in any way by the secondary transmitter c secondary transmissions by cable systems x subject to the provisions of clauses x x and x of this subsection secondary transmissions to the public by a cable system of a primary transmission made by a broadcast station licensed by the federal communications commission or by an appropriate governmental authority of canada or mexico and embodying a performance or display of a work shall be subject to compulsory licensing upon compliance with the reQuirements of subsection d where the carriage of the signals comprising the secondary transmission is permissible under the rules regulations or authorizations of the federal communications commission x notwithstanding the provisions of clause x of this subsection the willful or repeated secondary transmission to the public by a cable system of a primary transmission made by a broadcast station licensed by the federal communications commission or by an appropriate governmental authority of canada or mexico and embodying a performance or display of a work is actionable as an act of infringement under section xxx and is fully subject to the remedies provided by sections xxx through xxx and xxx in the following cases a where the carriage of the signals comprising the secondary transmission is not permissible under the rules regulations or authorizations of the federal communications commission or b where the cable system has not recorded the notice specified by subsection d and deposited the statement of account and royalty fee reQuired by subsection d x notwithstanding the provisions of clause x of this subsection and subject to the provisions of subsection e of this section the secondary transmission to the public by a cable system of a primary transmission made by a broadcast station licensed by the federal communications commission or by an appropriate governmental authority of canada or mexico and embodying a performance or display of a work is actionable as an act of infringement under section xxx and is fully subject to the remedies provided by sections xxx through xxx and sections xxx and xxx if the content of the particular program in which the performance or display is embodied or any commercial advertising or station announcements transmitted by the primary transmitter during or immediately before or after the transmission of such program is in any way willfully altered by the cable system through changes deletions or additions except for the alteration deletion or substitution of commercial advertising market research provided that the research company has obtained the prior consent of the advertiser who has purchased the original commercial advertisement the television station broadcasting that commercial advertisement and the cable system performing the secondary transmissions and provided further that such commercial alteration deletion or substitution is not performed for the purpose of deriving income from the sale of that commercial time x notwithstanding the provisions of clause x of this subsection the secondary transmission to the public by a cable system of a primary transmission made by a broadcast station licensed by an appropriate governmental authority of canada or mexico and embodying a performance or display of a work is actionable as an act of infringement under section xxx and is fully subject to the remedies provided by sections xxx through xxx and section xxx if a with respect to canadian signals the community of the cable system is located more than xxx miles for the united statescanadian border and is also located south of the fortysecond parallel of latitude or b with respect to mexican signals the secondary transmission is made by a cable system which received the primary transmission by means other than direct interception of a free space radio wave emitted by such broadcast television station unless prior to april xx xxxx such cable system was actually carrying or was specifically authorized to carry the signal of such foreign station on the system pursuant to the rules regulations or authorizations of the federal communications commission d compulsory license for secondary transmissions by cable systems x for any secondary transmission to be subject to compulsory licensing under subsection c the cable system shall at least one month before the date of the commencement of operations of the cable system or within one hundred and eighty days after the enactment of this act whichever is later and thereafter within thirty days after each occasion on which the ownership or control or the signal carriage complement of the cable system changes record in the copyright office a notice including a statement of identity and address of the person who owns or operates the secondary transmission service or has power to exercise primary control over it together with the name and location of the primary transmitter or primary transmitters whose signals are regularly carried by the cable system and thereafter from time to time such further information as the register of copyrights after consultation with the copyright royalty tribunal if and when the tribunal has been constituted shall prescribe by regulation to carry out the purpose of this clause x a cable system whose secondary transmissions have been subject to compulsory licensing under subsection c shall on a semiannual basis deposit with the register of copyrights in accordance with reQuirements that the register shall after consultation with the copyright royalty tribunal if and when the tribunal has been constituted prescribe by regulation a a statement of account covering the six months next preceding specifying the number of channels on which the cable system made secondary transmissions to its subscribers the names and locations of all primary transmitters whose transmissions to its subscribers the names and locations of all primary transmitters whose transmissions were further transmitted by the cable system the total number of subscribers the gross amounts paid to the cable system for the basic service of providing secondary transmissions of primary broadcast transmitters and such other data as the register of copyrights may after consultation with the copyright royalty tribunal if and when the tribunal has been constituted from time to time prescribe by regulation such statement shall also include a special statement of account covering any nonnetwork television programming that was carried by the cable system in whole or in part beyond the local service area of the primary transmitter under rules regulations or authorizations of the federal communications commission permitting the substitution or addition of signals under certain circumstances together with logs showing the times dates stations and programs involved in such substituted or added carriage and b except in the case of a cable system whose royalty is specified in subclause c or d a total royalty fee for the period covered by the statement computed on the basis of specified percentages of the gross receipts from subscribers to the cable service during said period for the basic service of providing secondary transmissions of primary broadcast transmitters as follows i x xxx of x per centum of such gross receipts for the privilege of further transmitting any nonnetwork programing of a primary transmitter in whole or in part beyond the local service area of such primary transmitter such amount to be applied against the fee if any payable pursuant to paragraphs ii through iv ii x xxx of x per centum of such gross receipts for the first distant signal eQuivalent iii x xxx of x per centum of such gross receipts for each of the second third and fourth distant signal eQuivalents iv x x of x per centum of such gross receipts for the fifth distant signal eQuivalent and each additional distant signal eQuivalent thereafter and in computing the amounts payable under paragraph ii through iv above any fraction of a distant signal eQuivalent shall be computed at its fractional value and in the case of any cable system located partly within and partly without the local service area of a primary transmitter gross receipts shall be limited to those gross receipts derived from subscribers located without the local service area of such primary transmitter and c if the actual gross receipts paid by subscribers to a cable system for the period covered by the statement for the basic service of providing secondary transmissions of primary broadcast transmitters total $xxxxx or less gross receipts of the cable system for the purpose of this subclause shall be computed by subtracting from such actual gross receipts the amount by which $xxxxx exceeds such actual gross receipts except that in no case shall a cable systems gross receipts be reduced to less that $xxxx the royalty fee payable under this subclause shall be x x of x per centum regardless of the number of distant signal eQuivalents if any and d if the actual gross receipts paid by subscribers to a cable system for the period covered by the statement for the basic service of providing secondary transmissions of primary broadcast transmitters are more than $xxxxx but less than $xxxxxx the royalty fee payable under this subclause shall be i x x of x per centum of any gross receipts up to $xxxxx and ii x per centum of any gross receipts in excess of $xxxxx but less than $xxxxxx regardless of the number of distant signal eQuivalents if any x the register of copyrights shall receive all fees deposited under this section and after deducting the reasonable costs incurred by the copyright office under this section shall deposit the balance in the treasury of the united states in such manner as the secretary of the treasury directs all funds held by the secretary of the treasury shall be invested in interestbearing united states securities for later distribution with interest by the copyright royalty tribunal as provided by this title the register shall submit to the copyright royalty tribunal on a semiannual basis a compilation of all statements of account covering the relevant six month period provided by clause x of this subsection x the royalty fees thus deposited shall in accordance with the procedures provided by clause x be distributed to those among the following copyright owners who claim that their works were the subject of secondary transmissions by cable systems during the relevant semiannual period a any such owner whose work was included in a secondary transmission made by a cable system of a nonnetwork television program in whole or in part beyond the local service area of the primary transmitter and b any such owner whose work was included in a secondary transmission identified in a special statement of account deposited under clause xa and c any such owner whose work was included in nonnetwork programing consisting exclusively of aural signals carried by a cable system in whole or in part beyond the local service area of the primary transmitter of such programs x the royalty fees thus deposited shall be distributed in accordance with the following procedures a during the month of july in each year every person claiming to be entitled to compulsory license fees for secondary transmissions shall file a claim with the copyright royalty tribunal in accordance with reQuirements that the tribunal shall prescribe by regulation notwithstanding any provisions of the antitrust laws for purposes of this clause any claimants may agree among themselves as to the proportionate division of compulsory licensing fees among them may lump their claims together and file them jointly or as a single claim or may designate a common agent to receive payment on their behalf b after the first day of august of each year the copyright royalty tribunal shall determine whether there exists a controversy concerning the distribution of royalty fees if the tribunal determines that no such controversy exists it shall after deducting its reasonable administrative costs under this section distribute such fees to the copyright owners entitled or to their designated agents if the tribunal finds the existence of a controversy it shall pursuant to chapter x of this title conduct a proceeding to determine the distribution of royalty fees c during the pendency of any proceeding under this subsection the copyright royalty tribunal shall withhold from distribution an amount sufficient to satisfy all claims with respect to which a controversy exists but shall have discretion to proceed to distribute any amounts that are not in controversy e nonsimultaneous secondary transmissions by cable systems x notwithstanding those provisions of the second paragraph of subsection f relating to nonsimultaneous secondary transmissions by a cable system any such transmissions are actionable as an act of infringement under section xxx and are fully subject to the remedies provided by sections xxx through xxx and sections xxx and xxx unless a the program on the videotape is transmitted no more than one time to the cable systems subscribers and b the copyrighted program episode or motion picture videotape including the commercials contained within such program episode or picture is transmitted without deletion or editing and c an owner or officer of the cable system i prevents the duplication of the videotape while in the possession of the system ii prevents unauthorized duplication while in the possession of the facility making the videotape for the system if the system owns or controls the facility or takes reasonable precautions to prevent such duplication if it does not own or control the facility iii takes adeQuate precautions to prevent duplication while the tape is being transported and iv subject to clause x erases or destroys or causes the erasure or destruction of the videotape and d within fortyfive days after the end of each calendar Quarter an owner or officer of the cable system executes an affidavit attesting i to the steps and precautions taken to prevent duplication of the videotape and ii subject to clause x to the erasure or destruction of all videotapes made or used during such Quarter and e such owner or officer places or causes each such affidavit and affidavits received pursuant to clause x c to be placed in a file open to public inspection at such systems main office in the community where the transmission is made or in the nearest community where such system maintains an office and f the nonsimultaneous transmission is one that the cable system would be authorized to transmit under the rules regulations and authorizations of the federal communications commission in effect at the time of the nonsimultaneous transmission if the transmission had been made simultaneously except that this subclause shall not apply to inadvertent or accidental transmissions x if a cable system transfers to any person a videotape of a program nonsimultaneously transmitted by it such transfer is actionable as an act of infringement under section xxx and is fully subject to the remedies provided by sections xxx through xxx and xxx except that pursuant to a written nonprofit contract providing for the eQuitable sharing of the costs of such videotape and its transfer a videotape nonsimultaneously transmitted by it in accordance with clause x may be transferred by one cable system in alaska to another system in alaska by one cable system in hawaii permitted to make such nonsimultaneous transmissions to another such cable system in hawaii or by one cable system in guam the northern mariana islands or the trust territory of the pacific islands to another cable system in any of those three territories if a each such contract is available for public inspection in the offices of the cable systems involved and a copy of such contract is filed within thirty days after such contract is entered into with the copyright office which office shall make each such contract available for public inspection and b the cable system to which the videotape is transferred complies with clause xa b ci iii and iv and d through f and c such system provides a copy of the affidavit reQuired to be made in accordance with clause xd to each cable system making a previous nonsimultaneous transmission of the same videotape x this subsection shall not be construed to supersede the exclusivity protection provisions of any existing agreement or any such agreement hereafter entered into between a cable system and a television broadcast station in the area in which the cable system is located or a network with which such station is affiliated x as used in this subsection the term videotape and each of its variant forms means the reproduction of the images and sounds of a program or programs broadcast station licensed by the federal communications commission regardless of the nature of the material objects such as tapes or films in which the reproduction is embodied f definitions as used in this section the following terms and their variant forms mean the following a primary transmission is a transmission made to the public by the transmitting facility whose signals are being received and further transmitted by the secondary transmission service regardless of where or when the performance or display was first transmitted a secondary transmission is the further transmitting of a primary transmission simultaneously with the primary transmission or nonsimultaneously with the primary transmission if by a cable system not located in whole or in part within the boundary of the fortyeight contiguous states hawaii or puerto rico provided however that a nonsimultaneous further transmission by a cable system located in hawaii of a primary transmission shall be deemed to be a secondary transmission if the carriage of the television broadcast signal comprising such further transmission is permissible under the rules regulations or authorizations of the federal communications commission a cable system is a facility located in any state territory trust territory or possession that in whole or in part receives signals transmitted or programs broadcast by one or more television broadcast stations licensed by the federal communications commission and makes secondary transmission of such signals or programs by wires cables or other communications channels to subscribing members of the public who pay for such service for purposes of determining the royalty fee under subsection dx two or more cable systems in contiguous communities under common ownership or control or operating from one headend shall be considered as one system the local service area of a primary transmitter in the case of a television broadcast station comprises the area in which such station is entitled to insist upon its signal being retransmitted by a cable system pursuant to the rules regulation and authorizations of the federal communications commission in effect on april xx xxxx or in the case of a television broadcast station licensed by an appropriate governmental authority of canada or mexico the area in which it would be entitled to insist upon its signal being retransmitted if it were a television broadcast station subject to such rules regulations and authorizations the local service area of a primary transmitter in the case of a radio broadcast station comprises the primary service area of such station pursuant to the rules and regulations of the federal communications commission in the case of a low power television station as defined by the rules and regulations of the federal communications commission the local service area of a primary transmitter comprises the area within xx miles of the transmitter site except that in the case of such a station located in a standard metropolitan statistical area which has one of the xx largest populations of all standard metropolitan statistical areas based on the xxxx decennial census of population taken by the secretary of commerce the number of miles shall be xx miles a distant signal eQuivalent is the value assigned to the secondary transmission of any nonnetwork television programing carried by a cable system in whole or in part beyond the local service area of the primary transmitter of such programing it is computed by assigning a value of one to each independent station and a value of oneQuarter to each network station and noncommercial educational station for the nonnetwork programing so carried pursuant to the rules regulations and authorizations of the federal communications commission the foregoing values for independent network and noncommercial educational stations are subject however to the following exceptions and limitations where the rules and regulations of the federal communications commission reQuire a cable system to omit the further transmission of a particular program and such rules and regulations also permit the substitution of another program embodying a performance or display of a work in place of the omitted transmission or where such rules and regulations in effect on the date of enactment of this act permit a cable system at its election to effect such deletion and substitution of a nonlive program or to carry additional programs not transmitted by primary transmitters within whose local service area the cable system is located no value shall be assigned for the substituted or additional program where the rules regulations or authorizations of the federal communications commission in effect on the date of enactment of this act permit a cable system at its election to omit the further transmission of a particular program and such rules regulations or authorizations also permit the substitution of another program embodying a performance or display of a work in place of the omitted transmission the value assigned for the substituted or additional program shall be in the case of a live program the value of one full distant signal eQuivalent multiplied by a fraction that has as its numerator the number of days in the year in which such substitution occurs and as its denominator the number of days in the year in the case of a station carried pursuant to the latenight or specialty programing rules of the federal communications commission or a station carried on a parttime basis where fulltime carriage is not possible because the cable system lacks the activated channel capacity to retransmit on a fulltime basis all signals which it is authorized to carry the values for independent network and noncommercial educational stations set forth above as the case may be shall be multiplied by a fraction which is eQual to the ratio of the broadcast hours of such station carried by the cable system to the total broadcast hours of the station a network station is a television broadcast station that is owned or operated by or affiliated with one or more of the television networks in the united states providing nationwide transmissions and that transmits a substantial part of the programing supplied by such networks for a substantial part of that stations typical broadcast day an independent station is a commercial television broadcast station other than a network station a noncommercial educational system is a television station that is a noncommercial educational broadcast station as defined in section xxx of title xx section xxx limitations on exclusive rights ephemeral recordings ga notwithstanding the provisions of section xxx and except in the case of a motion picture or other audiovisual work it is not an infringement of copyright for a transmitting organization entitled to transmit to the public a performance or display of a work under a license or transfer of the copyright or under the limitations on exclusive rights in sound recordings specified by section xxxa to make no more than one copy or phonorecord of a particular transmission program embodying the performance or display if x the copy or phonorecord is retained and used solely by the transmitting organization that made it and no further copies or phonorecords are reproduced from it and x the copy or phonorecord is used solely for the transmitting organizations own transmissions within its local service area or for purposes of archival preservation or security and x unless preserved exclusively for archival purposes the copy or phonorecord is destroyed within six months from the date the transmission program was first transmitted to the public b notwithstanding the provisions of section xxx it is not an infringement of copyright for a governmental body or other nonprofit organization entitled to transmit a performance or display of a work under section xxxx or under the limitations on exclusive rights in sound recordings specified by section xxxa to make no more than thirty copies or phonorecords of a particular transmission program embodying the performance or display if x no further copies or phonorecords are reproduced from the copies or phonorecords made under this clause and x except for one copy or phonorecord that may be preserved exclusively for archival purposes the copies or phonorecords are destroyed within seven years from the date the transmission program was first transmitted to the public c notwithstanding the provisions of section xxx it is not an infringement of copyright for a governmental body or other nonprofit organization to make for distribution no more than one copy or phonorecord for each transmitting organization specified in clause x of this subsection of a particular transmission program embodying a performance of a nondramatic musical work of a religious nature or of a sound recording of such a musical work if x there is no direct or indirect charge for making or distributing any such copies or phonorecords and x none of such copies or phonorecords is used for any performance other than a single transmission to the public by a transmitting organization entitled to transmit to the public a performance of the work under a license or transfer of the copyright and x except for one copy or phonorecord that may be preserved exclusively for archival purposes the copies or phonorecords are all destroyed within one year from the date the transmission program was first transmitted to the public d notwithstanding the provisions of section xxx it is not an infringement of copyright for a governmental body or other nonprofit organization entitled to transmit a performance of a work under section xxxx to make more than ten copies or phonorecords embodying the performance or to permit the use of any such copy or phonorecord by any governmental body or nonprofit organization entitled to transmit a performance of a work under section xxxx if x any such copy or phonorecord is retained and used solely by the organization that made it or by a governmental body or nonprofit organization entitled to transmit a performance of a work under section xxxx and no further copies or phonorecords are reproduced from it and x any such copy or phonorecord is used solely for transmissions authorized under section xxxx or for purposes or archival preservation or security and x the governmental body or nonprofit organization permitting any use of any such copy or phonorecord by any governmental body or nonprofit organization under this subsection does not make any charge for such use e the transmission program embodied in a copy or phonorecord made under this section is not subject to protection as derivative work under this title except with the express consent of the owners of copyright in the preexisting works employed in the program section xxx scope of exclusive rights in pictorial graphic and sculptural work a subject to the provisions of subsections b and c of this section the exclusive right to reproduce a copyrighted pictorial graphic or sculptural work in copies under section xxx includes the right to reproduce the work in or on any kind of article whether useful or otherwise b this title does not afford to the owner of copyright in a work that portrays a useful article as such any greater or lesser rights with respect to the making distribution or display of the useful article so portrayed than those afforded to such works under the law whether title xx or the common law or statutes of a state in effect on december xx xxxx as held applicable and construed by a court in an action brought under this title c in the case of a work lawfully reproduced in useful articles that have been offered for sale or other distribution to the public copyright does not include any right to prevent the making distribution or display of pictures or photographs of such articles in connection with advertisements or commentaries related to the distribution or display of such articles or in connection with news reports section xxx scope of exclusive rights in sound recordings ga the exclusive rights of the owner of copyright in a sound recording are limited to the rights specified by clauses x x and x of section xxx and do not include any right of performance under section xxxx b the exclusive right of the owner of copyright in a sound recording under clause x of section xxx is limited to the right to duplicate the sound recording in the form of phonorecords or of copies of motion pictures and other audiovisual works that directly or indirectly recapture the actual sounds fixed in the recording the exclusive right of the owner of copyright in a sound recording under clause x of section xxx is limited to the right to prepare a derivative work in which the actual sounds fixed in the sound recording are rearranged remixed or otherwise altered in sequence or Quality the exclusive rights of the owner of copyright in a sound recording under clauses x and x of section xxx do not extend to the making or duplication of another sound recording that consists entirely of an independent fixation of other sounds even though such sounds imitate or simulate those in the copyrighted sound recording the exclusive rights of the owner of copyright in a sound recording under clauses x x and x of section xxx do not apply to sound recordings included in educational television and radio programs as defined in section xxx of title xx distributed or transmitted by or through public broadcasting entities as defined by section xxxg provided that copies or phonorecords of said programs are not commercially distributed by or through public broadcasting entities to the general public c this section does not limit or impair the exclusive right to perform publicly by means of a phonorecord any of the works specified by section xxxx d on january x xxxx the register of copyrights after consulting with representatives of owners of copyrighted materials representatives of the broadcasting recording motion picture entertainment industries and arts organizations representatives of organized labor and performers of copyrighted materials shall submit to the congress a report setting forth recommendations as to whether this section should be amended to provide for performers and copyright owners of copyrighted material any performance rights in such material the report should describe the status of such rights in foreign countries the views of major interested parties and specific legislative or other recommendations if any section xxx scope of exclusive rights in nondramatic musical works compulsory license for making and distributing phonorecords in the case of nondramatic musical works the exclusive rights provided by clauses gx and x of section xxx to make and to distribute phonorecords of such works are subject to compulsory licensing under the conditions specified by this section a availability and scope of compulsory license x when phonorecords of a nondramatic musical work have been distributed to the public in the united states under the authority of the copyright owner any other person may by complying with the provisions of this section obtain a compulsory license only if his or her primary purpose in making phonorecords is to distribute them to the public for private use a person may obtain a compulsory license for use of the work in the making of phonorecords duplicating a sound recording fixed by another unless i such sound recording was fixed lawfully and ii the making of the phonorecords was authorized by the owner of copyright in the sound recording or if the sound recording was fixed before february xx xxxx by any person who fixed the sound recording pursuant to an express license from the owner of the copyright in the musical work or pursuant to a valid compulsory license for use of such work in a sound recording x a compulsory license includes the privilege of making a musical arrangement of the work to the extent necessary to conform it to the style or manner of interpretation of the performance involved but the arrangement shall not change the basic melody or fundamental character of the work and shall not be subject to protection as a derivative work under this title except with the express consent of the copyright owner b notice of intention to obtain compulsory license x any person who wishes to obtain a compulsory license under this section shall before or within thirty days after making and before distributing any phonorecords of the work serve notice of intention to do so on the copyright owner if the registration or other public records of the copyright office do not identify the copyright owner and include an address at which notice can be served it shall be sufficient to file the notice of intention in the copyright office the notice shall comply in form content and manner of service with requirements that the register of copyrights shall prescribe by regulation x failure to serve or file the notice reQuired by clausex forecloses the possibility of a compulsory license and in the absence of a negotiated license renders the making and distribution of phonorecords actionable as acts of infringement under section xxx and fully subject to the remedies provided by sections xxx through xxx and xxx c royalty payable under compulsory licence x to be entitled to receive royalties under a compulsory license the copyright owner must be identified in the registration or other public records of the copyright office the owner is entitled to royalties for phonorecords made and distributed after being so identified but is not entitled to recover for any phonorecords previously made and distributed x except as provided by clause x the royalty under a compulsory license shall be payable for every phonorecord made and distributed in accordance with the license for this purpose a phonorecord is considered distributed if the person exercising the compulsory license has voluntarily and permanently parted with its possession with respect to each work embodied in the phonorecord the royalty shall be either two and threefourths cents or onehalf of one cent per minute of playing time or fraction thereof which amount is larger x a compulsory license under this section includes the right of the maker of a phonorecord of a nondramatic musical work under subsection ax to distribute or authorize distribution of such phonorecord by rental lease or lending or by acts or practices in the nature of rental lease or lending in addition to any royalty payable under clause x and chapter x of this title a royalty shall be payable by the compulsory licensee for every act of distribution of a phonorecord by or in the nature of rental lease or lending by or under the authority of the compulsory licensee with respect to each nondramatic musical work embodied in the phonorecord the royalty shall be a proportion of the revenue received by the compulsory licensee from every such act of distribution of the phonorecord under this clause eQual to the proportion of the revenue received by the compulsory licensee from distribution of the phonorecord under clause x that is payable by a compulsory licensee under that clause and under chapter x the register of copyrights shall issue regulations to carry out the purpose of this clause x royalty payments shall be made on or before the twentieth day of each month and shall include all royalties for the month next preceding each monthly payment shall be made under oath and shall comply with reQuirements that the register of copyrights shall prescribe by regulation the register shall also prescribe regulations under which detailed cumulative annual statements of account certified by a certified public accountant shall be filed for every compulsory license under this section the regulations covering both the monthly and the annual statements of account shall prescribe the form content and manner of certification with respect to the number of records made and the number of records distributed x if the copyright owner does not receive the monthly payment and the monthly and annual statements of account when due the owner may give written notice to the licensee that unless the default is remedied within thirty days from the date of the notice the compulsory license will be automatically terminated such termination renders either the making or the distribution or both of all phonorecords for which the royalty has not been paid actionable as acts of infringement under section xxx and fully subject to the remedies provided by sections xxx through xxx and xxx section xxx scope of exclusive rights in nondramatic musical works public performances by means of coinoperated phonorecord players ga limitation on exclusive right in the case of a nondramatic musical work embodied in a phonorecord the exclusive right under clause x of section xxx to perform the work publicly by means of a coin operated phonorecord player is limited as follows x the proprietor of the establishment in which the public performance takes place is not liable for infringement with respect to such public performance unless a such proprietor is the operator of the phonorecord player or b such proprietor refuses or fails within one month after receipt by registered or certified mail of a request at a time during which the certificate reQuired by clause xc of subsection b is not affixed to the phonorecord player by the copyright owner to make full disclosure by registered or certified mail of the identity of the operator of the operator of the phonorecord player x the operator of the coinoperated phonorecord player may obtain a compulsory license to perform the work publicly on that phonorecord player by filing the application affixing the certificate and paying the royalties provided by subsection b b recordation of coinoperated phonorecord player affixation of certificate and royalty payable under compulsory license any operator who wishes to obtain a compulsory license for the public performance of works on a coinoperated phonorecord player shall fulfill the following reQuirements a before or within one month after such performances are made available on a particular phonorecord player and during the month of january in each succeeding year that such performances are made available on that particular phonorecord player the operator shall file in the copyright office in accordance with reQuirements that the register of copyrights after consultation with the copyright royalty tribunal if and when the tribunal has been constituted shall prescribe by regulation an application containing the name and address of the operator of the phonorecord player and the manufacturer and serial number or other explicit identification of the phonorecord player and deposit with the register of copyrights a royalty fee for the current calendar year of $x for that particular phonorecord player if such performances are made available on a particular phonorecord player for the first time after july x of any year the royalty fee to be deposited for the remainder of that year shall be $x b within twenty days of receipt of an application and a royalty fee pursuant to subclause a the register of copyrights shall issue to the applicant a certificate for the phonorecord player c on or before march x of the year in which the certificate prescribed by subclause b of this clause is issued or within ten days after the date of issue of the certificate the operator shall affix to the particular phonorecord player in a position where it can be readily examined by the public the certificate issued by the register of copyrights under subclause b of the latest application made by such operator under subclause a of this clause with respect to that phonorecord player x failure to file the application to affix the certificate or to pay royalty reQuired by clause x of this subsection renders the public performance actionable as an act of infringement under section xxx and fully subject to the remedies provided by sections xxx through xxx and xxx c distribution of royalties x the register of copyrights shall receive all fees deposited under this section and after deducting the reasonable costs incurred by the copyright office under this section shall deposit the balance in the treasury of the united states in such manner as the secretary of the treasury directs all funds held by the secretary of the treasury shall be invested in interestbearing united states securities for later distribution with interest by the copyright royalty tribunal as provided by this title the register shall submit to the copyright royalty tribunalon an annual bases a detailed statement of account covering all fees received for the relevant period provided by subsectionb x during the month of january in each year every person claiming to be entitled to compulsory license fees under this section for performances during the preceding twelvemonth period shall file a claim with the copyright royalty tribunal in accordance with reQuirements that the tribunal shall prescribe by regulation such claim shall include an agreement to accept as final except as provided in section xxx of this title the determination of the copyright royalty tribunal in any controversy concerning the distribution of royalty fees deposited under subclause a of subsection bx of this section to which the claimant is a party notwithstanding any provisions of the antitrust laws for purposes of this subsection any claimants may agree among themselves as to the proportionate division of compulsory licensing fees among them may lump their claims together and file them jointly or as a single claim or may designate a common agent to receive payment on their behalf x after the first day of october of each year the copyright royalty tribunal shall determine whether there exists a controversy concerning the distribution of royalty fees deposited under subclause a of subsection bx if the tribunal determines that no such controversy exists it shall after deducting its reasonable administrative costs under this section distribute such fees to the copyright owners entitled or to their designated agents if it finds that such a controversy exists it shall pursuant to chapter x of this title conduct a proceeding to determine the distribution of royalty fees x the fees to be distributed shall be divided as follows a to every copyright owner not affiliated with a performing rights society the pro rata share of the fees to be distributed to which such copyright owner proves entitlement b to the performing rights societies the remainder of the fees to be distributed in such pro rata shares as they shall by agreement stipulate among themselves or if they fail to agree the pro rate share to which such performing rights societies prove entitlement c during the pendency of any proceeding under this section the copyright royalty tribunal shall withhold from distribution an amount sufficient to satisfy all claims with respect to which a controversy exists but shall have discretion to proceed to distribute any amounts that are not in controversy x the copyright royalty tribunal shall promulgate regulations under which persons who can reasonably be expected to have claims may during the year in which performances take place without expense to or harassment of operators or proprietors of establishments in which phonorecord players are located have such access to such establishments and to the phonorecord players located therein and such opportunity to obtain information with respect thereto as may be reasonably necessary to determine by sampling procedures or otherwise the proportion of contribution of the musical works of each such person to the earnings of the phonorecord players for which fees shall have been deposited any person who alleges that he or she has been denied the access permitted under the regulations prescribed by the copyright royalty tribunal may bring an action in the united states district court for the district of columbia for the cancellation of the compulsory license of the phonorecord player to which such access has been denied and the court shall have the power to declare the compulsory license thereof invalid from the date of issue thereof d criminal penalties any person who knowingly makes a false representation of a material fact in an application filed under clause xaof subsection b or who knowingly alters a certificate issued under clause xb of subsection b or knowingly affixes such certificate to a phonorecord player other than the one it covers shall be fined not more than $xxxx e definitions as used in this section the following terms and their variant forms mean the following x a coinoperated phonorecord player is a machine or device that a is employed solely for the performance of nondramatic musical works by means of phonorecords upon being activated by insertion of coins currency tokens or other monetary units or their eQuivalent b is located in an establishment making no direct or indirect charge for admission c is accompanied by a list of titles of all the musical works available for performance on it which list is affixed to the phonorecord player or posted in the establishment in a prominent position where it can be readily examined by the public and d affords a choice of works available for performance and permits the choice to be made by the patrons of the establishment in which it is located x an operator is any person who alone or jointly with others a owns a coinoperated phonorecord player or b has the power to make a coinoperated phonorecord player available for placement in an establishment for purposes of public performance or c has the power to exercise primary control over the selection of the musical works made available for public performance on a coinoperated phonorecord player x a performing rights society is an association or corporation that licenses the public performance of nondramatic musical works on behalf of the copyright owners such as the american society of composers authors and publishers broadcast music inc and se sac inc section xxx limitations on exclusive rights computer programs notwithstanding the provisions of section xxx it is not an infringement for the owner of a copy of a computer program to make or authorize the making of another copy or adaptation of that computer program provided gx that such a new copy or adaptation is created as an essential step in the utilization of the computer program in conjunction with a machine and that it is used in no other manner or x that such new copy or adaptation is for archival purposes only and that all archival copies are destroyed in the event that continued possession of the computer program should cease to be rightful any exact copies prepared in accordance with the provisions of this section may be leased sold or otherwise transferred along with the copy from which such copies were prepared only as part of the lease sale or other transfer of all rights in the program adaptations so prepared may be transferred only with the authorization of the copyright owner section xxx scope of exclusive rights use of certain works in connection with noncommercial broadcasting a the exclusive rights provided by section xxx shall with respect to the works specified by subsection b and the activities specified by subsection d be subject to the conditions and limitations prescribed by this section b not later than thirty days after the copyright royalty tribunal has been constituted in accordance with section xxx the chairman of the tribunal shall cause notice to be published in the federal register of the initiation of proceedings for the purpose of determining reasonable terms and rates of royalty payments for the activities specified by subsection d with respect to published nondramatic musical works and published pictorial graphic and sculptural works during a period beginning as provided in clause x of this subsection and ending on december xx xxxx copyright owners and public broadcasting entities shall negotiate and agree upon the terms and rates of royalty payments and the proportionate division of fees paid among various copyright owners and may designate common agents to negotiate agree to pay or receive payments x any owner of copyright in a work specified in this subsection or any public broadcasting entity may within one hundred and twenty days after publication of the notice specified in this subsection submit to the copyright royalty tribunal proposed licenses covering such activities with respect to such works the copyright royalty tribunal shall proceed on the basis of the proposals submitted to it as well as any other relevant information the copyright royalty tribunal shall permit any interested party to submit information relevant to such proceedings x license agreements voluntarily negotiated at any time between one or more copyright owners and one or more public broadcasting entities shall be given effect in lieu of any determination by the tribunal provided that copies of such agreements are filed in the copyright office within thirty days of execution in accordance with regulations that the register of copyrights shall prescribe x within six months but not earlier than one hundred and twenty days from the date of publication of the notice specified in this subsection the copyright royalty tribunal shall make a determination and publish in the federal register a schedule of rates and terms which subject to clause x of this subsection shall be binding on all owners of copyright in works specified by this subsection and public broadcasting entities regardless of whether or not such copyright owners and public broadcasting entities have submitted proposals to the tribunal in establishing such rates and terms the copyright royalty tribunal may consider the rates for comparable circumstances under voluntary license agreements negotiated as provided in clause x of this subsection the copyright royalty tribunal shall also establish requirements by which copyright owners may receive reasonable notice of the use of their works under this section and under which records of such use shall be kept by public broadcasting entities x with respect to the period beginning on the effective date of this title and ending on the date of publication of such rates and terms this title shall not afford to owners of copyright or public broadcasting entities any greater or lesser rights with respect to the activities specified in subsection d as applied to works specified in this subsection than those afforded under the law in effect on december xx xxxx as held applicable and construed by a court in an action brought under this title c the initial procedure specified in subsection b shall be repeated and concluded between june xx and december xx xxxx and at fiveyear intervals thereafter in accordance with regulations that the copyright royalty tribunal shall prescribe d subject to the transitional provisions of subsection bx and to the terms of any voluntary license agreements that have been negotiated as provided by subsection bx a public broadcasting entity may upon compliance with the provisions of this section including the rates and terms established by the copyright royalty tribunal under subsection bx engage in the following activities with respect to published nondramatic musical works and published pictorial graphic and sculptural works x performance or display of a work by or in the course of a transmission made by a noncommercial educational broadcast station referred to in subsection g and x production of a transmission program reproduction of copies or phonorecords where such production reproduction or distribution is made by a nonprofit institution or organization solely for the purpose of transmission specified in clause x and x the making of reproductions by a governmental body or a nonprofit institution of a transmission program simultaneously with its transmission as specified in clause x and the performance or display of the contents of such program under the conditions specified by clause x of section xxx but only if the reproductions are used for performances or displays for a period of no more than seven days from the date of the transmission specified in clause x and are destroyed before or at the end of such period no person supplying in accordance with clause x a reproduction of a transmission program to governmental bodies or nonprofit institutions under this clause shall have any liability as a result of failure of such body or institution to destroy such reproduction provided that it shall have notified such body or institution of the reQuirement for such destruction pursuant to this clause and provided further that if such body or institution itself fails to destroy such reproduction it shall be deemed to have infringed e except as expressly provided in this subsection this section shall have no applicability to works other than those specified in subsection b x owners of copyright in nondramatic literary works and public broadcasting entities may during the course of voluntary negotiations agree among themselves respectively as to the terms and rates of royalty payments without liability under the antitrust laws any such terms and rates of royalty payments shall be effective upon filing in the copyright office in accordance with regulations that the register of copyrights shall prescribe x on january x xxxx the register of copyrights after consulting with authors and other owners of copyright in nondramatic literary works and their representatives and with public broadcasting entities and their representatives shall submit to the congress a report setting forth the extent to which voluntary licensing arrangements have been reached with respect to the use of nondramatic literary works by such broadcast stations the report should also describe any problems that may have arisen and present legislative or other recommendations if warranted f nothing in this section shall be construed to permit beyond the limits of fair use as provided by section xxx the unauthorized dramatization of a nondramatic musical work the production of a transmission program drawn to any substantial extent from a published compilation of pictorial graphic or sculptural works or the unauthorized use of any portion of an audiovisual work g as used in this section the term public broadcasting entity means a noncommercial educational broadcast station as defined in section xxx of title xx and any nonprofit institution or organization engaged in the activities described in clause x of subsection d chapter xcopyright ownership and transfer analysis sec xxx ownership of copyright xxx ownership of copyright as distinct from ownership of material object xxx termination of transfers and licenses granted by the author xxx execution of transfers of copyright ownership xxx recordation of transfers and other documents section xxx ownership of copyright ga initial ownership copyright in a work protected under this title vests initially in the author or authors of the work the authors of a joint work are coowners of copyright in the work b works made for hire in the case of a work made for hire the employer or other person for whom the work was prepared is considered the author for purposes of this title and unless the parties have expressly agreed otherwise in a written instrument signed by them owns all of the rights comprised in the copyright c contributions to collective works copyright in each separate contribution to a collective work is distinct from copyright in the collective work as a whole and vests initially in the author of the contribution in the absence of an express transfer of the copyright or of any rights under it the owner of copyright in the collective work is presumed to have acquired only the privilege of reproducing and distributing the contribution as part of that particular collective work any revision of that collective work and any later collective work in the same series d transfer of ownership x the ownership of a copyright may be transferred in whole or in part by any means of conveyance or by operation of law and may be beQueathed by will or pass as personal property by the applicable laws of intestate succession x any of the exclusive rights comprised in a copyright including any subdivision of any of the rights specified by section xxx may be transferred as provided by clause x and owned separately the owner of any particular exclusive right is entitled to the extent of that right to all of the protection and remedies accorded to the copyright owner by this title e involuntary transfer when an individual authors ownership of a copyright or of any of the exclusive rights under a copyright has not previously been transferred voluntarily by that individual author no action by any governmental body or other official or organization purporting to seize expropriate transfer or exercise rights of ownership with respect to the copyright or any of the exclusive rights under a copyright shall be give effect under this title except as provided under title xx section xxx ownership of copyright as distinct from ownership of material object ownership of a copyright or of any of the exclusive rights under a copyright is distinct from ownership of any material object in which the work is embodied transfer of ownership of any material object including the copy or phonorecord in which the work is first fixed does not of itself convey any rights in the copyrighted work embodied in the object nor in the absence of an agreement does transfer of ownership of a copyright or of any exclusive rights under a copyright convey property rights in any material object section xxx termination of transfers and licenses granted by the author ga conditions for termination in the case of any work other than a work made for hire the exclusive or nonexclusive grant of a transfer or license of copyright or of any right under a copyright executed by the author on or after january x xxxx otherwise than be will is subject to termination under the following conditions x in the case of a grant executed by one author termination of the grant may be effected by that author or if the author is dead by the person or persons who under clause x of this subsection own and are entitled to exercise a total of more than onehalf of that authors termination interest in the case of a grant executed by two or more authors who executed it if any of such authors is dead the termination interest of any such author may be exercised as a unit by the person or persons who under clause x of this subsection own and are entitled to exercise a total of more than onehalf of that authors interest x where an author is dead his or her termination interest is owned and may be exercised by his widow or her widower and his or her children or grandchildren as follows a the widow or widower owns the authors entire termination interest unless there are any surviving children or grandchildren of the author in which case the widow or widower owns onehalf of the authors interest b the authors surviving children and the surviving children of any dead child of the author own the authors entire termination interest unless there is a widow or widower in which case the ownership of onehalf of the authors interest is divided among them c the rights of the authors children and grandchildren are in all cases divided among them and exercised on a per stirpes basis according to the number of such authors children represented the share of the children of a dead child in a termination interest can be exercised only by the action of a majority of them x termination of the grant may be effected at any time during a period of five years beginning at the end of thirtyfive years from the date of publication of the work under the grant or at the end of forty years from the date of execution of the grant whichever term ends earlier x the termination shall be effected by serving an advance notice in writing signed by the number and proportion of owners of termination interests required under clauses x and x of this subsection or by their duly authorized agents upon the grantee or the grantees successor in title a the notice shall state the effective date of the termination which shall fall within the fiveyear period specified by clause x of this subsection and the notice shall be served not less than two or more than ten years before that date a copy of the notice shall be recorded in the copyright office before the effective date of termination as a condition to its taking effect b the notice shall comply in form content and manner of service with reQuirements that the register of copyrights shall prescribe by regulation x termination of the grant may be effected notwithstanding any agreement to the contrary including an agreement to make a will or to make any future grant b effect of termination upon the effective date of termination all rights under this title that were covered by the terminated grants revert to the author authors or other persons owning termination interests under clauses x and x of subsection a including those owners who did not join in signing the notice of termination under clause x of subsection a but with the following limitations x a derivative work prepared under authority of the grant become its termination may continue to be utilized under the terms of the grant after its termination but this privilege does not extend to the preparation after the termination of other derivative works based upon the copyrighted work covered by the terminated grant x the future rights that will revert upon termination of the grant before vested on the date the notice of termination has been served as provided by clause x of subsection a the rights vest in the author authors and other persons named in and in the proportionate shares provided by clauses x and x of subsection a x subject to the provisions of clause x of this subsection a further grant or agreement to make a further grant of any right covered by a terminated grant is valid only if it is signed by the same number and proportion of the owners in whom the right has vested under clause x of this subsection as are reQuired to terminate the grant under clauses x and x of subsection a such further grant or agreement is effective with respect to all of the persons in whom the right it covers has vested under clause x of this subsection including those who did not join in signing it if any person dies after rights under a terminated grant have vested in him or her that persons legal representatives legatees or heirs at law represent him or her for purposes of this clause x a further grant or agreement to make a further grant of any right covered by a terminated grant is valid only if it is made after the effective date of the termination as an exception however an agreement for such a further grant may be made between the persons provided by clause x of this subsection and the original grantee or such grantees successor in title after the notice of termination has been served as provided by clause x of subsection a x termination of a grant under this section affects only those rights covered by the grants that arise under this title and in no way affects rights arising under any other federal state or foreign laws x unless and until termination is effected under this section the grant if it does not provide otherwise continues in effect for the term of copyright provided by this title section xxx execution of transfers of copyright ownership ga a transfer of copyright ownership other than by operation of law is not valid unless an instrument of conveyance or a note or memorandum of the transfer is in writing and signed by the owner of the rights conveyed or such owners duly authorized agent b a certificate of acknowledgement is not required for the validity of a transfer but is prima facie evidence of the execution of the transfer if x in the case of a transfer executed in the united states the certificate is issued by a person authorized to administer oaths within the united states or x in the case of a transfer executed in a foreign country the certificate is issued by a diplomatic or consular officer of the united states or by a person authorized to administer oaths whose authority is proved by a certificate of such an officer section xxx recordation of transfers and other documents ga conditions for recordation any transfer of copyright ownership or other document pertaining to a copyright may be recorded in the copyright office if the document filed for recordation bears the actual signature of the person who executed it or if it is accompanied by a sworn or official certification that it is a true copy of the original signed document b certificate of recordation the register of copyrights shall upon receipt of a document as provided by subsection a and of the fee provided by section xxx record the document and return it with a certificate of recordation c recordation as constructive notice recordation of a document in the copyright office gives all persons constructive notice of the facts stated in the recorded document but only if x the document or material attached to it specifically identifies the work to which it pertains so that after the document is indexed by the register of copyrights it would be revealed by a reasonable search under the title or registration number of the work and x registration has been made for the work d recordation as prerequisite to infringement suit no person claiming by virtue of a transfer to be the owner of copyright or of any exclusive right under a copyright is entitled to institute an infringement action under this title until the instrument of transfer under which such person claims has been recorded in the copyright office but suit may be instituted after such recordation on a cause of action that arose before recordation e priority between conflicting transfers as between two conflicting transfers the one executed first prevails if it is recorded in the manner reQuired to give constructive notice under subsection c within one month after its execution in the united states or at any time before recordation in such manner of the later transfer otherwise the later transfer prevails if recorded first in such manner and if taken in good faith for valuable consideration or on the basis of a binding promise to pay royalties and without notice of the earlier transfer f priority between conflicting transfer of ownership and nonexclusive license a nonexclusive license whether recorded or not prevails over a conflicting transfer of copyright ownership if the license is evidenced by a written instrument signed by the owner of the rights licensed or such owners duly authorized agent and if x the license was taken before execution of the transfer or x the license was taken in good faith before recordation of the transfer and without notice of it chapter x duration of copyright analysis sec xxx preemption with respect to other laws xxx duration of copyright works created on or after january x xxxx xxx duration of copyright works created but not published or copyrighted before january x xxxx xxx duration of copyright subsisting copyrights xxx duration of copyright terminal date section xxx preemption with respect to other laws ga on and after january x xxxx all legal or equitable rights that are eQuivalent to any of the exclusive rights within the general scope of copyright as specified by section xxx in works of authorship that are fixed in a tangible medium of expression and come within the subject matter of copyright as specified by sections xxx and xxx whether created before or after that date and whether published or unpublished are governed exclusively by this title thereafter no person is entitled to any such right or eQuivalent right in any such work under the common law or statutes of any state b nothing in this title annuls or limits any rights or remedies under the common law or statutes or any state with respect to x subject matter that does not come within the subject matter of copyright as specified by sections xxx and xxx including works of authorship not fixed in any tangible medium of expression or x any cause of action arising from undertakings commenced before january x xxxx or x activities violating legal or eQuitable rights that are not eQuivalent to any of the exclusive rights within the general scope of copyright as specified by section xxx c with respect to sound recordings fixed before february xx xxxx any rights or remedies under the common law or statutes of any state shall not be annulled or limited by this title until february xx xxxx the preemptive provisions of subsection a shall apply to any such rights and remedies pertaining to any cause of action arising from undertakings commenced on and after february xx xxxx notwithstanding the provisions of section xxx no sound recording fixed before february xx xxxx shall be subject to copyright under this title before on or after february xx xxxx d nothing in this title annuls or limits any rights or remedies under any other federal statute section xxx duration of copyright works created on or after january x xxxx ga in general copyright in a work created on or after january x xxxx subsists from its creation and except as provided by the following subsections endures for a term consisting of the life of the author and fifty years after the authors death b joint works in the case of a joint work prepared by two or more authors who did not work for hire the copyright endures for a term consisting of the life of the last surviving author and fifty years after such last surviving authors death c anonymous works pseudonymous works and works made for hire in the case of an anonymous work a pseudonymous work or a work made for hire the copyright endures for a term of seventyfive years for the year of its first publication or a term of one hundred years from the year of its creation whichever expires first if before the end of such term the identity of one or more of the authors of an anonymous or pseudonymous work is revealed in the records of a registration made for that work under subsections a or d of section xxx or in the records provided by this subsection the copyright in the work endures for the term specified by subsection a or b based on the life of the author or authors whose identity has been revealed any person having an interest in the copyright in an anonymous or pseudonymous work may at any time record in records to be maintained by the copyright office for that purpose a statement identifying one or more authors of the work the statement shall also identify the person filing it the nature of that persons interest the source of the information recorded and the particular work affected and shall comply in form and content with requirements that the register of copyrights shall prescribe by regulation d records relating to death of authors any person having an interest in a copyright may at any time record in the copyright office a statement of the date of death of the author of the copyrighted work or a statement that the author is still living on a particular date the statement shall identify the person filing it the nature of that persons interest and the source of the information recorded and shall comply in form and content with reQuirements that the register of copyrights shall prescribe by regulation the register shall maintain current records of information relating to the death of authors of copyrighted works based on such recorded statements and to the extent the register considers practicable on data contained in any of the records of the copyright office or in other reference sources e presumption as to authors death after a period of seventy five years from the year of first publication of a work or a period of one hundred years from the year of its creation whichever expires first any person who obtains from the copyright office a certified report that the records provided by subsection d disclose nothing to indicate that the author of the work is living or died less than fifty years before is entitled to the benefit of a presumption that the author has been dead for at least fifty years reliance in food faith upon this presumption shall be a complete defense to any action for infringement under this title section xxx duration of copyright works created but not published or copyrighted before january x xxxx copyright in a work created before january x xxxx but not theretofore in the public domain or copyrighted subsists from january x xxxx and endures for the term provided by section xxx in no case however shall the term of copyright in such a work expire before december xx xxxx and if the work is published on or before december xx xxxx the term of copyright shall not expire before december xx xxxx section xxx duration of copyright subsisting copyrights ga copyrights in their first term on january x xxxx any copyright the first term of which is subsisting on january x xxxx shall endure for twentyeight years from the date it was originally secured provided that in the case of any posthumous work or of any periodical cyclopedic or other composite work upon which the copyright was originally secured by the proprietor thereof or of any work copyrighted by a corporate body otherwise than as assignee or licensee of the individual author or by an employer for whom such work is made for hire the proprietor of such copyright shall be entitled to a renewal and extension of the copyright in such work for the further term of fortyseven years when application for such renewal and extension shall have been made to the copyright office and duly registered therein within one year prior to the expiration of the original term of copyright and provided further that in the case of any other copyrighted work including a contribution by an individual author to a periodical or to a cyclopedic or other composite work the author of such work if still living or the widow widower or children of the author if the author be not living or if such author widow widower or children be not living then the authors executors or in the absence of a will his or her next of kin shall be entitled to a renewal and extension of the copyright in such work for a further term of forty seven years when application for such renewal and extension shall have been made to the copyright office and duly registered therein within one year prior to the expiration of the original term of copyright and provided further that in default of the registration of such application for renewal and extension the copyright in any work shall terminate at the expiration of twentyeight years from the date copyright was originally secured b copyrights in their renewal term or registered for renewal before january x xxxx the duration of any copyright the renewal term of which is subsisting at any time between december xx xxxx and december xx xxxx inclusive or for which renewal registration is made between december xx xxxx and december xx xxxx inclusive is extended to endure for a term of seventyfive years from the date copyright was originally secured c termination of transfers and licenses covering extended renewal term in the case of any copyright subsisting in either its first or renewal term on january x xxxx other than a copyright in a work made for hire the exclusive or nonexclusive grant of a transfer or license of the renewal copyright or any right under it executed before january x xxxx by any of the persons designated by the second proviso of subsection a of this section otherwise than by will is subject to termination under the following conditions x in the case of a grant executed by a person or persons other than the author termination of the grant may be effected by the surviving person or persons who executed it in the case of a grant executed by one or more of the authors of the work termination of the grant may be effected to the extent of a particular authors share in the ownership of the renewal copyright by the author who executed it or if such author is dead the person or persons who under clause x of this subsection own and are entitled to exercise a total of more than onehalf of that authors termination interest x where an author is dead his or her termination interest is owned and may be exercised by his widow or her widower and his or her children or grandchildren as follows a the widow or widower owns the authors entire termination interest unless there are any surviving children or grandchildren of the author in which case the widow or widower owns one half of the authors interest b the authors surviving children and the surviving children of any dead child of the author own the authors entire termination interest unless there is a widow or widower in which case the ownership of onehalf of the authors interest is divided among them c the rights of the authors children and grandchildren are in all cases divided among them and exercised on a per stirpes basis according to the number of such authors children represented the share of the children of a dead child in a termination interest can be exercised only by the action of a majority of them x termination of the grant may be effected at any time during a period of five years beginning at the end of fiftysix years from the date copyright was originally secured or beginning on january x xxxx whichever is later x the termination shall be effected by serving an advance notice in writing upon the grantee or the grantees successor in title in the case of a grant executed by a person or persons other than the author the notice shall be signed by all of those entitled to terminate the grant under clause x of this subsection or by their duly authorized agents in the case of a grant executed by one or more of the authors of the work the notice as to any one authors share shall be signed by that author or his or her duly authorized agent or if that author is dead by the number and proportion of the owners of his or her termination interest required under clauses x and x of this subsection or by their duly authorized agents a the notice shall state the effective date of the termination which shall fall within the fiveyear period specified by clause x of this subsection and the notice shall be served not less than two or more than ten years before that date a copy of the notice shall be recorded in the copyright office before the effective date of termination as a condition to its taking effect b the notice shall comply in form content and manner of service with reQuirements that the register of copyrights shall prescribe by regulation x termination of the grant may be effected notwithstanding any agreement to the contrary including an agreement to make a will or to make any future grant x in the case of a grant executed by a person or persons other than the author all rights under this title that were covered by the terminated grant revert upon the effective date of termination to all of those entitled to terminate the grant under clause x of this subsection in the case of a grant executed by one or more of the authors of the work all of a particular authors rights under this title that were covered by the terminated grant revert upon the effective date of termination to that author or if that author is dead to the persons owning his or her termination interest under clause x of this subsection including those owners who did not join in signing the notice of termination under clause x of this subsection in all cases the reversion of rights is subject to the following limitations a a derivative work prepared under authority of the grant before its termination may continue to be utilized under the terms of the grant after its termination but this privilege does not extend to the preparation after the termination of other derivative works based upon the copyrighted work covered by the terminated grant b the future rights that will revert upon termination of the grant become vested on the date the notice of termination has been served as provided by clause x of this subsection c where the authors rights revert to two or more persons under clause x of this subsection they shall vest in those persons in the proportionate shares provided by that clause in such a case and subject to the provisions of subclause d of this clause a further grant or agreement to make a further grant of a particular authors share with respect to any right covered by a terminated grant is valid only if it is signed by the same number and proportion of the owners in whom the right has vested under this clause as are reQuired to terminate the grant under clause x of this subsection such further grant or agreement is effective with respect to all of the persons in whom the right it covers has vested under this subclause including those who did not join in signing it if any person dies after rights under a terminated grant have vested in him or her that persons legal representatives legatees or heirs at law represent him or her for purposes of this subclause d a further grant or agreement to make a further grant of any right covered by a terminated grant is valid only if it is made after the effective date of the termination as an exception however an agreement for such a further grant may be made between the author or any of the persons provided by the first sentence of clause x of this subsection or between the persons provided by subclause c of this clause and the original grantee or such grantees successor in title after the notice of termination has been served as provided by clause x of this subsection e termination of a grant under this subsection affects only those rights covered by the grant that arise under this title and in no way affects rights arising under any other federal state or foreign laws f unless and until termination is effected under this subsection the grant if it does not provide otherwise continues in effect for the remainder of the extended renewal term section xxx duration of copyright terminal date all terms of copyright provided by sections xxx through xxx run to the end of the calendar year in which they would otherwise expire chapter xcopyright notice deposit and registration analysis sec xxx notice of copyright visually perceptible copies xxx notice of copyright phonorecords of sound recordings xxx notice of copyright publications incorporating united states government works xxx notice of copyright contributions to collective works xxx notice of copyright omission of notice xxx notice of copyright error in name or date xxx deposit of copies or phonorecords for library of congress xxx copyright registration in general xxx application for copyright registration xxx registration of claim and issuance of certificate xxx registration as prerequisite to infringement suit xxx registration as prerequisite to certain remedies for infringement section xxx notice of copyright visually perceptible copies ga general requirement whenever a work protected under this title is published in the united states or elsewhere by authority of the copyright owner a notice of copyright as provided by this section shall be placed on all publicly distributed copies from which the work can be visually perceived either directly or with the aid of a machine or device b form of notice the notice appearing on the copies shall consist of the following three elements x the symbol of a small letter c inside of a circle or the word copyright or the abbreviation copr and x the year of first publication of the work in the case of compilations or derivative work is sufficient the year date may be omitted where a pictorial graphic or sculptural work with accompanying text matter if any is reproduced in or on greeting cards postcards stationery jewelry dolls toys or any useful articles and x the name of the owner of copyright in the work or an abbreviation by which the name can be recognized or a generally known alternative designation of the owner c position of notice the notice shall be affixed to the copies in such manner and location as to give reasonable notice of the claim of copyright the register of copyrights shall prescribe by regulation as examples specific methods of affixation and positions of the notice on various types of works that will satisfy this reQuirement but these specifications shall not be considered exhaustive section xxx notice of copyright phonorecords of sound recordings ga general requirement whenever a sound recording protected under this title is published in the united states or elsewhere by authority of the copyright owner a notice of copyright as provided by this section shall be placed on all publicly distributed phonorecords of the sound recording b form of notice the notice appearing on the phonorecords shall consist of the following three elements x the symbol of a small letter p inside of a circle and x the year of first publication of the sound recording and x the name of the owner of copyright in the sound recording or an abbreviation by which the name can be recognized or a generally known alternative designation of the owner if the producer of the sound recording is named on the phonorecord labels or containers and if no other name appears in conjunction with the notice the producers name shall be considered a part of the notice c position of notice the notice shall be placed on the surface of the phonorecord or on the phonorecord label or container in such manner and location as to give reasonable notice of the claim of copyright section xxx notice of copyright publications incorporating united states government works whenever a work is published in copies or phonorecords consisting preponderantly of one or more works of the united states government the notice of copyright provided by sections xxx or xxx shall also include a statement identifying either affirmatively or negatively those portions of the copies or phonorecords embodying any work or works protected under this title section xxx notice of copyright contributions to collective works ga a separate contribution to a collective work may bear its own notice of copyright as provided by sections xxx through xxx however a single notice applicable to the collective work as a whole is sufficient to satisfy the requirements of sections xxx through xxx with respect to the separate contributions it contains not including advertisements inserted on behalf of persons other than the owner of copyright in the collective work regardless of the ownership of copyright in the contributions and whether or not they have been previously published b where the person named in a single notice applicable to a collective work as a whole is not the owner of copyright in a separate contribution that does not bear its own notice the case is governed by the provisions of section xxxa section xxx notice of copyright omission of notice ga effect of omission on copyright the omission of the copyright notice prescribed by sections xxx through xxx from copies or phonorecords publicly distributed by authority of the copyright owner does not invalidate the copyright in a work if x the notice has been omitted from no more than a relatively small number of copies or phonorecords distributed to the public to x registration for the work has been made before or is made within five years after the publication without notice and a reasonable effort is made to add notice to all copies or phonorecords that are distributed to the public in the united states after the omission has been discovered or x the notice has been omitted in violation of an express requirement in writing that as a condition of the copyright owners authorization of the public distribution of copies or phonorecords they bear the prescribed notice b effect of omission on innocent infringers any person who innocently infringes a copyright in reliance upon an authorized copy or phonorecord from which the copyright notice has been omitted incurs no liability for actual or statutory damages under section xxx for any infringing acts committed before receiving actual notice that registration for the work has been made under section xxx if such person proves that he or she was misled by the omission of notice in a suit for infringement in such a case the court may allow or disallow recovery of any of the infringers profits attributable to the infringement and may enjoin the continuation of the infringing undertaking or may reQuire as a condition or sic permitting the continuation of the infringing undertaking that the infringer pay the copyright owner a reasonable license fee in an amount and on terms fixed by the court c removal of notice protection under this title is not affected by the removal destruction or obliteration of the notice without the authorization of the copyright owner from any publicly distributed copies or phonorecords section xxx notice of copyright error in name or date ga error in name where the person named in the copyright notice on copies or phonorecords publicly distributed by authority of the copyright owner is not the owner of copyright the validity and ownership of the copyright are not affected in such a case however any person who innocently begins an undertaking that infringes the copyright has a complete defense to any action for such infringement if such person proves that he or she was misled by the notice and began the undertaking in good faith under a purported transfer or license from the person named therein unless before the undertaking was begun x registration for the work had been made in the name of the owner of copyright or x a document executed by the person named in the notice and showing the ownership of the copyright had been recorded the person named in the notice is liable to account to the copyright owner for all receipts from transfers or licenses purportedly made under the copyright by the person named in the notice b error in date when the year date in the notice on copies or phonorecords distributed by authority of the copyright owner is earlier than the year in which publication first occurred any period computed from the year of first publication first occurred the work is considered to have been published without any notice and is governed by the provisions of section xxx c omission of name or date where copies or phonorecords publicly distributed by authority of the copyright owner contain no name or no date that could reasonably be considered a part of the notice the work is considered to have been published without any notice and is governed by the provisions of section xxx section xxx deposit of copies or phonorecords for library of congress ga except as provided by subsection c and subject to the provisions of subsection e the owner of copyright or of the exclusive right of publication in a work published with notice of copyright in the united states shall deposit within three months after the date of such publication x two complete copies of the best edition or x if the work is a sound recording two complete phonorecords of the best edition together with any printed or other visually perceptible material published with such phonorecords neither the deposit requirements of this subsection nor the acQuisition provisions of subsection e are conditions of copyright protection b the reQuired copies or phonorecords shall be deposited in the copyright office for the use or disposition of the library of congress the register of copyrights shall when reQuested by the depositor and upon payment of the fee prescribed by section xxx issue a receipt for the deposit c the register of copyrights may be regulation exempt any categories of material from the deposit reQuirements of this section or reQuire deposit of only one copy or phonorecord with respect to any categories such regulations shall provide either for complete exemption from the deposit reQuirements of this section or for alternative forms of deposit aimed at providing a satisfactory archival record of a work without imposing practical or financial hardships on the depositor where the individual author is the owner of copyright in a pictorial graphic or sculptural work and i less than five copies of the work have been published or ii the work has been published in a limited edition consisting of numbered copies the monetary value of which would make the mandatory deposit of two copies of the best edition of the work burdensome unfair or unreasonable d at any time after publication of a work as provided by subsection a the register of copyrights may make written demand for the reQuired deposit of any of the persons obligated to make the deposit under subsection a unless deposit is made within three months after the demand is received the person or persons on whom the demand was made are liable x to a fine of not more than $xxx for each work and x to pay into a specially designated fund in the library of congress the total retail price of the copies or phonorecords demanded or if no retail price has been fixed the reasonable cost of the library of congress of acQuiring them and x to pay a fine of $xxxx in addition to any fine or liability imposed under clauses x and x if such person willfully or repeatedly fails or refuses to comply with such a demand e with respect to transmission programs that have been fixed and transmitted to the public in the united states but have not been published the register of copyrights shall after consulting with the librarian of congress and other interested organizations and officials establish regulation governing the acQuisition through deposit or otherwise of copies or phonorecords of such programs for the collections of the library of congress x the librarian of congress shall be permitted under the standards and conditions set forth in such regulations to make a fixation of a transmission program directly from a transmission to the public and to reproduce one copy or phonorecord from such fixation for archival purposes x such regulations shall also provide standards and procedures by which the register of copyrights may make written demand upon the owner of the right of transmission in the united states for the deposit of a copy or phonorecord of a specific transmission program such deposit may at the option of the owner of the right of transmission in the united states be accomplished by gift by loan for purposes of reproduction or by sale at a price not to exceed the cost of reproducing and supplying the copy or phonorecord the regulations established under this clause shall provide reasonable periods of not less than three months for compliance with a demand and shall allow for extensions of such periods and adjustments in the scope of the demand or the methods for fulfilling it as reasonably warranted by the circumstances willful failure or refusal to comply with the conditions prescribed by such regulations shall subject the owner to the right of transmission in the united states to liability for an amount not to exceed the cost of reproducing and supplying the copy or phonorecord in Question to be paid into a specially designated fund in the library of congress x nothing in this subsection shall be construed to reQuire the making or retention for purposes of deposit of any copy or phonorecord of an unpublished transmission program the transmission of which occurs before the receipt of a specific written demand as provided by clause x x no activity undertaken in compliance with regulations prescribed under clauses x or x of this subsection shall result in liability if intended solely to assist in the acQuisition of copies or phonorecords under this subsection section xxx copyright registration in general ga registration permissive at any time during the subsistence of copyright in any published or unpublished work the owner of copyright or of any exclusive right in the work may obtain registration of the copyright claim by delivering to the copyright office the deposit specified by this section together with the application and fee specified by sections xxx and xxx subject to the provisions of section xxxa such registration is not a condition of copyright protection b deposit for copyright registration except as provided by subsection c the material deposited for registration shall include x in the case of an unpublished work one complete copy or phonorecord x in the case of the published work two complete copies or phonorecords of the best edition x in the case of a work first published outside the united states one complete copy or phonorecord as so published x in the case of a contribution to a collective work one complete copy or phonorecord of the best edition of the collective work copies or phonorecords deposited for the library of congress under section xxx may be used to satisfy the deposit provisions of this section if they are accompanied by the prescribed application and fee and by any additional identifying material that the register may by regulation require the register shall also prescribe regulations establishing reQuirements under which copies or phonorecords acQuired for the library of congress under subsection e of section xxx otherwise than by deposit may be used to satisfy the deposit provisions of this section c administrative classification and optional deposit x the register of copyrights is authorized to specify by regulation the administrative classes into which works are to be placed for purposes of deposit and registration and the nature of the copies or phonorecords to be deposited in the various classes specified the regulations may reQuire or permit for particular classes the deposit of identifying material instead of copies or phonorecords the deposit of only one copy or phonorecord where two would normally be reQuired or a single registration for a group of related works this administrative classification of works has no significance with respect to the subject matter of copyright or the exclusive rights provided by this title x without prejudice to the general authority provided under clause x the register of copyrights shall establish regulations specifically permitting a single registration for a group of works by the same individual author all first published as contributions to periodicals including newspapers within a twelvemonth period on the basis of a single deposit application and registration fee under all of the following conditions a if each of the works as first published bore a separate copyright notice and the name of the owner of copyright in the work or an abbreviation by which the name can be recognized or a generally known alternative designation of the owner was the same in each notice and b if the deposit consists of one copy of the entire issue of the periodical or of the entire section in the case of a newspaper in which each contribution was first published and c if the application identifies each work separately including the periodical containing it and its date of first publication x as an alternative to separate renewal registrations under subsection a of section xxx a single renewal registration may be made for a group of works by the same individual author all first published as contributions to periodicals including newspapers upon the filing of a single application and fee under all of the following conditions a the renewal claimant or claimants and the basis of claim or claims under section xxxa is the same for each of the works and b the works were all copyrighted upon their first publication either through separate copyright notice and registration or by virtue of a general copyright notice in the periodical issue as a whole and c the renewal application and fee are received not more than twentyeight or less than twentyseven years after the thirtyfirst day of december of the calendar year in which all of the works were first published and d the renewal application identifies each work separately including the periodical containing it and its date of first publication d corrections and amplifications the register may also establish by regulation formal procedures for the filing of an application for supplementary registration to correct an error in a copyright registration or to amplify the information given in a registration such application shall be accompanied by the fee provided by section xxx and shall clearly identify the registration to be corrected or amplified the information contained in a supplementary registration augments but does not supersede that contained in the earlier registration e published edition of previously registered work registration for the first published edition of a work previously registered in unpublished form may be made even though the work as published is substantially the same as the unpublished version section xxx application for copyright registration the application for copyright registration shall be made on a form prescribed by the register of copyrights and shall include gx the name and address of the copyright claimant x in the case of a work other than an anonymous or pseudonymous work the name and nationality or domicile of the author or authors and if one or more of the authors is dead the dates of their deaths x if the work is anonymous or pseudonymous the nationality or domicile of the author or authors x in the case of a work made for hire a statement to this effect x if the copyright claimant is not the author a brief statement of how the claimant obtained ownership of the copyright x the title of the work together with any previous or alternative titles under which the work can be identified x the year in which creation of the work was completed x if the work has been published the date and nation of its first publication x in the case of a compilation or derivative work an identification of any preexisting work or works that it is based on or incorporates and a brief general statement of the additional material covered by the copyright claim being registered xx in the case of a published work containing material of which copies are required by section xxx to be manufactured in the united states the names of the persons or organizations who performed the processes specified by subsection c of section xxx with respect to that material and the places where those processes were performed and xx any other information regarded by the register of copyrights as bearing upon the preparation or identification of the work or the existence ownership or duration of the copyright section xxx registration of claim and issuance of certificate ga when after examination the register of copyrights determines that in accordance with the provisions of this title the material deposited constitutes copyrightable subject matter and that the other legal and formal requirements of this title have been met the register shall register the claim and issue to the applicant a certificate of registration under the seal of the copyright office the certificate shall contain the information given in the application together with the number and effective date of the registration b in any case in which the register of copyrights determines that in accordance with the provisions of this title the material deposited does not constitute copyrightable subject matter or that the claim is invalid for any other reason the register shall refuse registration and shall notify the applicant in writing of the reasons for such refusal c in any judicial proceedings the certificate of a registration made before or within five years after first publication of the work shall constitute prima facie evidence of the validity of the copyright and of the facts stated in the certificate the evidentiary weight to be accorded the certificate of a registration made thereafter shall be within the discretion of the court d the effective date of a copyright registration is the day on which an application deposit and fee which are later determined by the register of copyrights or by a court of competent jurisdiction to be acceptable for registration have all been received in the copyright office section xxx registration as prerequisite to infringement suit ga subject to the provisions of subsection b no action for infringement of the copyright in any work shall be instituted until registration of the copyright claim has been made in accordance with this title in any case however where the deposit application and fee required for registration have been delivered to the copyright office in proper form and registration has been refused the applicant is entitled to institute an action for infringement if notice thereof with a copy of the complaint is served on the register of copyrights the register may at his or her option become a party to the action with respect to the issue of registrability of the copyright claim by entering an appearance within sixty days after such service but the registers failure to become a party shall not deprive the court of jurisdiction to determine that issue b in the case of a work consisting of sounds images or both the first fixation of which is made simultaneously with its transmission the copyright owner may either before or after such fixation takes place institute an action for infringement under section xxx fully subject to the remedies provided by sections xxx through xxx and sections xxx and xxx if in accordance with reQuirements that the register of copyrights shall prescribe by regulation the copyright owner x serves notice upon the infringer not less than ten or more than thirty days before such fixation identifying the work and the specific time and source of its first transmission and declaring an intention to secure copyright in the work and x makes registration for the work within three months after its first transmission section xxx registration as prerequisite to certain remedies for infringement in any action under this title other than an action instituted under section xxxgb no award of statutory damages or of attorneys fees as provided by sections xxx and xxx shall be made for x any infringement of copyright in an unpublished work commenced before the effective date of its registration or x any infringement of copyright commenced after first publication of the work and before the effective date of its registration unless such registration is made within three months after the first publication of the work chapter x copyright infringement and remedies analysis sec xxx infringement of copyright xxx remedies for infringement injunctions xxx remedies for infringement impounding and disposition of infringing articles xxx remedies for infringement damages and profits xxx remedies for infringement costs and attorneys fees xxx criminal offenses xxx limitations on actions xxx notification of filing and determination of actions xxx seizure forfeiture xxx remedies for alteration of programing by cable systems section xxx infringement of copyright ga anyone who violates any of the exclusive rights of the copyright owner as provided by section xxx through xxx or who imports copies or phonorecords into the united states in violation of section xxx is an infringer of the copyright b the legal or beneficial owner of an exclusive right under a copyright is entitled subject to the requirements of sections xxxd and xxx to institute an action for any infringement of that particular right committed while he or she is the owner of it the court may reQuire such owner to serve written notice of the action with a copy of the complaint upon any person shown by the records of the copyright office or otherwise to have or claim an interest in the copyright and shall reQuire that such notice be served upon any person whose interest is likely to be affected by a decision in the case the court may reQuire the joiner and shall permit the intervention of any person having or claiming an interest in the copyright c for any secondary transmission by a cable system that embodies a performance or a display of a work which is actionable as an act of infringement under subsection c of section xxx a television broadcast station holding a copyright or other license to transmit or perform the same version of that work shall for purposes of subsection b of this section be treated as a legal or beneficial owner if such secondary transmission occurs within the local service area of that television station d for any secondary transmission by a cable system that is actionable as an act of infringement pursuant to section xxxcx the following shall also have standing to sue i the primary transmitter whose transmission has been altered by the cable system and ii any broadcast station within whose local service area the secondary transmission occurs section xxx remedies for infringement injunctions ga any court having jurisdiction of a civil action arising under this title may subject to the provisions of section xxxx of title xx grant temporary and final injunctions on such terms as it may deem reasonable to prevent or restrain infringement of a copyright b any such injunction may be served anywhere in the united states on the person enjoined it shall be operative throughout the united states and shall be enforceable by proceedings in contempt or otherwise by any united states court having jurisdiction of that person the clerk of the court granting the injunction shall when requested by any other court a certified copy of all the papers in the case on file in such clerks office section xxx remedies for infringement impounding and disposition of infringing articles ga at any time while an action under this title is pending the court may order the impounding on such terms as it may deem reasonable of all copies or phonorecords claimed to have been made or used in violation of the copyrights owners exclusive rights and of all plates molds matrices masters tapes film negative or other articles by means of which such copies or phonorecords may be reproduced b as part of a final judgment or decree the court may order the destruction or other reasonable disposition of all copies or phonorecords found to have been made or used in violation of the copyright owners exclusive rights and of all plates molds matrices masters tapes film negatives or other articles by means of which such copies or phonorecords may be reproduced section xxx remedies for infringement damages and profits ga in general except as otherwise provided by this title an infringer of copyright is liable for either x the copyright owners actual damages and any additional profits of infringer as provided by subsection b or x statutory damages as provided by subsection c b actual damages and profits the copyright owner is entitled to recover the actual damages suffered by him or her as a result of the infringement and any profits of the infringer that are attributable to the infringement and are not taken into account in computing the actual damages in establishing the infringers profits the copyright owner is required to present proof only of the infringers gross revenue and the infringer is reQuired to prove his or her deductible expenses and the elements of profit attributable to factors other than the copyrighted work c statutory damages x except as provided by clause x of this subsection the copyright owner may elect at any time before final judgment is rendered to recover instead of actual damages and profits an award of statutory damages for all infringements involved in the action with respect to any one work for which any one infringer is liable individually or for which any two or more infringers are liable jointly and severally in a sum of not less than $xxx or more than $xxxxx as the court considers just for the purposes of this subsection all the parts of a compilation or derivative work constitute one work x in a case where the copyright owner sustains the burden of proving and the court finds that infringement was committed willfully the court in its discretion may increase the award of statutory damages to a sum of not more than $xxxxx in a case where the infringer sustains the burden of proving and the court finds that such infringer was not aware and had no reason to believe that his or her acts constituted an infringement of copyright the it sic its discretion may reduce the award of statutory damages to a sum of not less than $xxx the court shall remit statutory damages in any case where an infringer believed and had reasonable grounds for believing that his or her use of the copyrighted work was a fair use under section xxx if the infringer was i an employee or agent of a nonprofit educational institution library or archives acting within the scope of his or her employment who or such institution library or archives itself which infringed by reproducing the work in copies or phonorecords or ii a public broadcasting entity which or a person who as a regular part of the nonprofit activities of a public broadcasting entity as defined in subsection g of section xxx infringed by performing a published nondramatic literary work or by reproducing a transmission program embodying a performance of such a work section xxx remedies for infringement costs and attorneys fees in any civil action under this title the court in its discretion may allow the recovery of full costs by or against any party other than the united states or an officer thereof except as otherwise provided by this title the court may also award a reasonable attorneys fee to the prevailing party as part of the costs section xxx criminal offenses ga criminal infringement any person who infringes a copyright willfully and for purposes of commercial advantage or private financial gain shall be punished as provided in section xxxx of title xx b forfeiture and destruction when any person is convicted of any violation of subsection a the court in its judgment of conviction shall in addition to the penalty therein prescribed order the forfeiture and destruction or other disposition of all infringing copies or phonorecords and all implements devices or equipment used in the manufacture of such infringing copies or phonorecords c fraudulent copyright notice any person who with fraudulent intent places on any article a notice of copyright or words of the same purport that such person knows to be false or who with fraudulent intent publicly distributes or imports for public distribution any article bearing such notice or words that such person knows to be false shall be fined not more than $xxxx d fraudulent removal of copyright notice any person who with fraudulent intent removes or alters any notice of copyright appearing on a copy of a copyrighted work shall be fined not more than $xxxx section xxx limitations on actions ga criminal proceedings no criminal proceeding shall be maintained under the provisions of this title unless it is commenced within three years after the cause of action arose b civil actions no civil action shall be maintained under the provisions of this title unless it is commenced within three years after the claim accrued section xxx notification of filing and determination of action ga within one month after the filing of any action under this title the clerks of the courts of the united states shall send written notification to the register of copyrights setting forth as far as is shown by the papers filed in the court the names and addresses of the parties and the title author and registration number of each work involved in the action if any other copyrighted work is later included in the action by amendment answer or other pleading the clerk shall also send a notification concerning it to the register within one month after the pleading is filed b within one month after any final order or judgment is issued in the case the clerk of the court shall notify the register of it sending with the notification a copy of the order or judgment together with the written opinion if any of the court c upon receiving the notifications specified in this section the register shall make them a part of the public records of the copyright office section xxx seizure and forfeiture ga all copies or phonorecords manufactured reproduced distributed sold or otherwise used intended for use or possessed with intent to use in violation of section xxxa and all plates molds matrices masters tapes film negatives or other articles by means of which such copies or phonorecords may be reproduced and all electronic mechanical or other devises for manufacturing reproducing or assembling such copies or phonorecords may be seized and forfeited to the united states b the applicable procedures relating to i the seizure summary and judicial forfeiture and condemnation of vessels vehicles merchandise and baggage for violations of the customs laws contained in title xx ii the disposition of such vessels vehicles merchandise and baggage or the proceeds from the sale thereof iii the remission or mitigation of such forfeiture iv the compromise of claims and v the award of compensation to informers in respect of such forfeitures shall apply to seizures and forfeitures incurred or alleged to have been incurred under the provisions of this section insofar as applicable and not inconsistent with the provisions of this section except that such duties as are imposed upon any officer or employee of the treasury department or any other person with respect to the seizure and forfeiture of vessels vehicles merchandise and baggage under the provisions of the customs laws contained in title xx shall be performed with respect seizure and forfeiture of all articles described in subsection a by such officers agents or other persons as may be authorized or designated for that purpose by the attorney general section xxx remedies for alteration of programing by cable systems ga in any action filed pursuant to section xxxcx the following remedies shall be available x where an action is brought by a party identified in subsections b or c of section xxx the remedies provided by sections xxx through xxx and the remedy provided by subsection b of this section and x when an action is brought by a party identified in subsection d of section xxx the remedies provided by sections xxx and xxx together with any actual damages suffered by such party as a result of the infringement and the remedy provided by subsection b of this section b in any action filed pursuant to section xxxcx the court may decree that for a period not to exceed thirty days the cable system shall be deprived of the benefit of a compulsory license for one or more distant signals carried by such cable system chapter x manufacturing requirements and importation analysis sec xxx manufacture importation and public distribution of certain copies xxx infringing importation of copies or phonorecords xxx importation prohibitions enforcement and disposition of excluded articles section xxx manufacture importation and public distribution of certain copies ga prior to july x xxxx and except as provided by subsection b the importation into or public distribution in the united states of copies of a work consisting preponderantly of nondramatic sic literary material that is in the english language and is protected under this title is prohibited unless the portions consisting of such material have been manufactured in the united states or canada b the provisions of subsection a do not apply x where on the date when importation is sought or public distribution in the united states is made the author of any substantial part of such material is neither a national nor a domiciliary of the united states or if such author is a national of the united states he or she has been domiciled outside the united states for a continuous period of at least one year immediately preceding that date in the case of a work made for hire the exemption provided by this clause does not apply unless a substantial part of the work was prepared for an employer or other person who is not a national or domiciliary of the united states or a domestic corporation or enterprise x where the united states customs service is presented with an import statement issued under the seal of the copyright office in which case a total of no more than two thousand copies of any one such work shall be allowed entry the import statement shall be issued upon request to the copyright owner or to a person designated by such owner at the time of registration for the work under section xxx or at any time thereafter x where importation is sought under the authority or for the use other than in schools of the government of the united states or of any state or political subdivision of a state x where importation for use and not for sale is sought a by any person with respect to no more than one copy of any work at any one time b by any person arriving from outside the united states with respect to copies forming part of such persons personal baggage or c by an organization operated for scholarly educational or religious purposes and not for private gain with respect to copies intended to form a part of its library x where the copies are reproduced in raised characters for the use of the blind or x where in addition to copies imported under clauses x and x of this subsection no more than two thousand copies of any one such work which have not been manufactured in the united states or canada are publicly distributed in the united states or x where on the date when importation is sought or public distribution in the united states is made a the author of any substantial part of such material is an individual and receives compensation for the transfer or license of the right to distribute the work in the united states and b the first publication of the work has previously taken place outside the united states under a transfer or license granted by such author to a transferee or licensee who was not a national or domiciliary of the united states or domestic corporation or enterprise and c there has been no publication of an authorized edition of the work of which the copies were manufactured in the united states and d the copies were reproduced under a transfer or license granted by such author or by the transferee or licensee of the right of first publication as mentioned in subclause b and the transferee or the licensee of the right of reproduction was not a national or domiciliary of the united states or a domestic corporation or enterprise c the reQuirement of this section that copies be manufactured in the united states or canada is satisfied if x in the case where the copies are printed directly from type that has been set or directly from plates made from such type the setting of the type and the making of the plates have been performed in the united states or canada and x in the case where the making of plates by a lithographic or photoengraving process is a final or intermediate step preceding the printing of the copies the making of the plates has been performed in the united states or canada x in any case the printing or other final process of producing multiple copies and any binding of the copies have been performed in the united states or canada d importation or public distribution of copies in violation of this section does not invalidate protection for a work under this title however in any civil action or criminal proceeding for infringement of the exclusive rights to produce and distribute copies of the work the infringer has a complete defense with respect to all of the nondramatic literary material comprised in the work and any other parts of the work in which the exclusive rights to reproduce and distribute copies are owned by the same person who owns such exclusive rights in the nondramatic literary material if the infringer proves x that copies of the work have been imported into or publicly distributed in the united states in violation of this section by or with the authority of the owner of such exclusive rights and x that the infringing copies were manufactured in the united states or canada in accordance with the provisions of subsection c and x that the infringement was commenced before the effective date of registration for an authorized edition of the work the copies of which have been manufactured in the united states or canada in accordance with the provisions of subsection c e in any action for infringement of the exclusive rights to reproduce and distribute copies of a work containing material reQuired by this section to be manufactured in the united states or canada the copyright owner shall set forth in the complaint the names of the persons or organizations who performed the processes specified by subsection c with respect to that material and the places where those processes were performed section xxx infringing importation of copies or phonorecords ga importation into the united states without the authority of the owner of copyright under this title of copies or phonorecords of a work that have been acquired outside the united states is an infringement of the exclusive right to distribute copies of phonorecords under section xxx actionable under section xxx this subsection does not apply to x importation of copies or phonorecords under the authority or for the use of the government of the united states or of any state or political subdivision of a state but not including copies or phonorecords for purposes other than archival use x importation for the private use of the importer and not for distribution by any person with respect to no more than one copy or phonorecord of any one work at any one time or by any person arriving from outside the united states with respect to copies or phonorecords forming part of such persons personal baggage or x importation by or for an organization operated for scholarly educational or religious purposes and not for private gain with respect to no more than one copy of an audiovisual work solely for its archival purposes and no more than five copies or phonorecords of any other work for its library lending or archival purposes unless the importation of such copies or phonorecords is part of an activity consisting of systematic reproduction or distribution engaged in by such organization in violation of the provisions of section xxxgx b in a case where the making of the copies or phonorecords would have constituted an infringement of copyright if this title had been applicable their importation is prohibited in a case where the copies or phonorecords were lawfully made the united states customs service has no authority to prevent their importation unless the provisions of section xxx are applicable in either case the secretary of the treasury is authorized to prescribe by regulation a procedure under which any person claiming an interest in the copyright in a particular work may upon payment of a specified fee be entitled to notification by the customs service of the importation of articles that appear to be copies of phonorecords of the work section xxx importation prohibitions enforcement and disposition of excluded articles ga the secretary of the treasury and the united states postal service shall separately or jointly make regulations for the enforcement of the provisions of this title prohibiting importation b these regulations may require as a condition for the exclusion of articles under section xxx x that the person seeking exclusion obtain a court order enjoining importation of the articles or x that the person seeking exclusion furnish proof of a specified nature and in accordance with prescribed procedures that the copyright in which such person claims an interest is valid and that the importation would violate the prohibition in section xxx the person seeking exclusion may also be reQuired to post a surety bond for any injury that may result if the detention or exclusion of the articles proves to be unjustified c articles imported in violation of the importation prohibitions of this title are subject to seizure and forfeiture in the same manner as property imported in violation of the customs revenue laws forfeited articles shall be destroyed as directed by the secretary of the treasury of the court as the case may be however the articles may be returned to the country of export whenever it is shown to the satisfaction of the secretary of the treasury that the importer had no reasonable grounds for believing that his or her acts constituted a violation of law chapter x copyright office analysis sec xxx the copyright office general responsibilities and organization xxx copyright office regulations xxx effective date of actions in copyright office xxx retention and disposition of articles deposited in copyright office xxx copyright office records preparation maintenance public inspection and searching xxx copies of copyright office records xxx copyright office forms and publications xxx copyright office fees xxx delay in delivery caused by disruption of postal or other services xxx reproduction for use of the blind and physically handicapped voluntary licensing forms and procedures section xxx the copyright office general responsibilities and organization ga all administrative functions and duties under this title except as otherwise specified are the responsibility of the register of copyrights as director of the copyright office of the library of congress the register of copyrights together with the subordinate officers and employees of the copyright office shall be appointed by the librarian of congress and shall act under the librarians general direction and supervision b the register of copyrights shall adopt a seal to be used on and after january x xxxx to authenticate all certified documents issued by the copyright office c the register of copyrights shall make an annual report to the librarian of congress of the work and accomplishments of the copyright office during the previous fiscal year the annual report of the register of copyrights shall be published separately and as a part of the annual report of the librarian of congress d except as provided by section xxxb and the regulations issued thereunder all actions taken by the register of copyrights under this title are subject to the provisions of the administrative procedure act of june xx xxxx as amended c xxx xx stat xxx title x united states code chapter x subchapter ii and chapter x section xxx copyright office regulations the register of copyrights is authorized to establish regulations not inconsistent with law for the administration of the functions and duties made the responsibility of the register under this title all regulations established by the register under this title are subject to the approval of the librarian of congress section xxx effective date of actions in copyright office in any case in which time limits are prescribed under this title for the performance of an action in the copyright office and in which the last day of the prescribed period falls on a saturday sunday holiday or other nonbusiness day within the district of columbia or the federal government the action may be taken on the next succeeding business day and is effective as of the date when the period expired section xxx retention and disposition of articles deposited in copyright office ga upon their deposit in the copyright office under section xxx and xxx all copies phonorecords and identifying material including those deposited in connection with claims that have been refused registration are the property of the united states government b in the case of published works all copies phonorecords and identifying material deposited are available to the library of congress for its collections or for exchange or transfer to any other library in the case of unpublished works the library is entitled under regulations that the register of copyrights shall prescribe to select any deposits for its collections or for transfer to the national archives of the united states or to a federal records center as defined in section xxxx of title xx c the register of copyrights is authorized for specific or general categories of works to make a facsimile reproduction of all or any part of the material deposited under section xxx and to make such reproduction a part of the copyright office records of the registration before transferring such material to the library of congress as provided by subsection b or before destroying or otherwise disposing of such material as provided by subsection d d deposits not selected by the library under subsection b or identifying portions or reproductions of them shall be retained under the control of the copyright office including retention in government storage facilities for the longest period considered practicable and desirable by the register of copyrights and the librarian of congress after that period it is within the joint discretion of the register and the librarian to order their destruction or other disposition but in the case of unpublished works no deposit shall be knowingly or intentionally destroyed or otherwise disposed of during its term of copyright unless a facsimile reproduction of the entire deposit has been made a part of the copyright office records as provided by subsection c e the depositor of copies phonorecords or identifying material under section xxx or the copyright owner of record may request retention under the control of the copyright office of one or more of such articles for the full term of copyright in the work the register of copyrights shall prescribe by regulation the conditions under which such reQuests are to be made and granted and shall fix the fee to be charged under section xxxaxx if the reQuest is granted section xxx copyright office records preparation maintenance public inspection and searching ga the register of copyrights shall provide and keep in the copyright office records of all deposits registrations recordations and other actions taken under this title and shall prepare indexes of all such records b such records and indexes as well as the articles deposited in connection with completed copyright registrations and retained under the control of the copyright office shall be open to public inspection c upon request and payment of the fee specified by section xxx the copyright office shall make a search of its public records indexes and deposits and shall furnish a report of the information they disclose with respect to any particular deposits registrations or recorded documents section xxx copies of copyright office records ga copies may be made of any public records or indexes of the copyright office additional certificates of copyright registration and copies of any public records or indexes may be furnished upon request and payment of the fees specified by section xxx b copies or reproductions of deposited articles retained under the control of the copyright office shall be authorized or furnished only under the conditions specified by the copyright office regulation section xxx copyright office forms and publication ga catalog of copyright entries the register of copyrights shall compile and publish at periodic intervals catalogs of all copyright registrations these catalogs shall be divided into parts in accordance with the various classes of works and the register has discretion to determine on the basis of practicability and usefulness the form and frequency of publication of each particular part b other publication the register shall furnish free of charge upon reQuest application forms for copyright registration and general informational material in connection with the functions of the copyright office the register also has the authority to publish compilations of information bibliographies and other material he or she considers to be of value to the public c distribution of publications all publications of the copyright office shall be furnished to depository libraries as specified under section xxxx of title xx and aside from those furnished free of charge shall be offered for sale to the public at prices based on the cost of reproduction and distribution section xxx copyright office fees ga the following fees shall be paid to the register of copyrights x on filing each application for registration of a copyright claim or a supplementary registration under section xxx including the issuance of a certificate of registration if registration is made $xx x on filing each application for registration of a claim to renewal of a subsisting copyright in its first term under section xxxa including the issuance of a certificate of registration if registration is made $x x for the issuance of a receipt for a deposit under section xxx $x x for the recordation as provided by section xxx of a transfer of copyright ownership or other document of six pages or less covering no more than one title $xx for each page over six and each title over one xx cents additional x for the filing under section xxxb of a notice of intention to make phonorecords $x x for the recordation under section xxxc of a statement revealing the identity of an author of an anonymous or pseudonymous work or for the recordation under section xxxd of a statement relating to the death of an author $xx for a document of six pages or less covering no more than one title for each page over six and for each title over one $x additional x for the issuance under section xxx of an import statement $x x for the issuance under section xxx of an additional certificate of registration $x x for the issuance of any other certification $x the register of copyrights has discretion on the basis of their cost to fix the fees for preparing copies of copyright office records whether they are to be certified or not xx for the making and reporting of a search as provided by section xxx and for any related services $xx for each hour or fraction of an hour consumed xx for any other special services requiring a substantial amount of time or expense such fees as the register of copyrights may fix on the basis of the cost of providing the service b the fees prescribed by or under this section are applicable to the united states government and any of its agencies employees or officers but the register of copyrights has discretion to waive the reQuirement of this subsection in occasional or isolated cases involving relatively small amounts c all fees received under this section shall be deposited by the register of copyrights in the treasury of the united states and shall be credited to the appropriation for necessary expenses of the copyright office the register may in accordance with regulations that he or she shall prescribe refund any sum paid by mistake or in excess of the fee reQuired by this section section xxx delay in delivery caused by disruption of postal or other services in any case in which the register of copyrights determines on the basis of such evidence as the register may by regulation require that a deposit application fee or any other material to be delivered to the copyright office by a particular date would have been received in the copyright office in due time except for a general disruption or suspension of postal or other transportation or communications services the actual receipt of such material in the copyright office within one month after the date on which the register determines that the disruption or suspension of such services has terminated shall be considered timely section xxx reproduction for use of the blind and physically handicapped voluntary licensing forms and procedures the register of copyrights shall after consultation with the chief of the division for the blind and physically handicapped and other appropriate officials of the library of congress establish by regulation standardized forms and procedures by which at the time applications covering certain specified categories of nondramatic literary works are submitted for registration under section xxx of this title the copyright owner may voluntarily grant to the library of congress a license to reproduce the copyrighted work by means of braille or similar tactile symbols or by fixation of a reading of the work in a phonorecord or both and to distribute the resulting copies or phonorecords solely for the use of the blind and physically handicapped and under limited conditions to be specified in the standardized forms chapter x copyright royalty tribunal analysis sec xxx copyright royalty tribunal establishment and purpose xxx membership of the tribunal xxx procedures of the tribunal xxx institution and conclusion of proceedings xxx staff of the tribunal xxx administrative support of the tribunal xxx deduction of costs of proceedings xxx reports xxx effective date of final determinations xxx judicial review section xxx copyright royalty tribunal establishment and purpose ga there is hereby an independent copyright royalty tribunal in the legislative branch b subject to the provisions of this chapter the purposes of the tribunal shall be x to make determinations concerning the adjustment of reasonable copyright royalty rates as provided in sections xxx and xxx and to make determinations as to reasonable terms and rates of royalty payments as provided in section xxx the rates applicable under sections xxx and xxx shall be calculated to achieve the following objectives a to maximize the availability of creative works to the public b to afford the copyright owner a fair return for his creative work and the copyright user a fair income under existing economic conditions c to reflect the relative roles of the copyright owner and the copyright user in the product made available to the public with respect to relative creative contribution technological contribution capital investment cost risk and contribution to the opening of new markets for creative expression and media for their communication d to minimize any disruptive impact on the structure of the industries involved and on generally prevailing industry practices x to make determinations concerning the adjustment of copyright royalty rates in section xxx solely in accordance with the following provisions a the rates established by section xxxdxb may be adjusted to reflect i national monetary inflation or deflation or ii changes in the average rates charged cable subscribers for the basic service of providing secondary transmissions to maintain the real constant dollar level of the royalty fee per subscriber which existed as of the date of enactment of this act provided that if the average rates charged cable system subscribers for the basic service of providing secondary transmissions are changed so that the average rates exceed national monetary inflation no change in the rates established by section xxxdxb shall be permitted and provided further that no increase in the royalty fee shall be permitted based on any reduction in the average number of distant signal equivalents per subscriber the commission may consider all factors relating to the maintenance of such level of payments including as an extenuating factor whether the cable industry has been restrained by subscriber rate regulating authorities from increasing the rates for the basic service of providing secondary transmissions b in the event that the rules and regulations of the federal communications commission are amended at any time after april xx xxxx to permit the carriage by cable systems of additional television broadcast signals beyond the local service area of the primary transmitters of such signals the royalty rates established by section xxxdxb may be adjusted to insure that the rates for the additional distant signal eQuivalents resulting from such carriage are reasonable in the light of the changes effected by the amendment to such rules and regulations in determining the reasonableness of rates proposed following an amendment of federal communications commission rules and regulations the copyright royalty tribunal shall consider among other factors the economic impact on copyright owners and users provided that no adjustment in royalty rates shall be made under this subclause with respect to any distant signal eQuivalent or fraction thereof represented by i carriage of a signal of the same type that is independent network or noncommercial educational substituted for such permitted signal or ii a television broadcast signal first carried after april xx xxxx pursuant to an individual waiver of the rules and regulations of the federal communications commission as such rules and regulations were in effect on april xx xxxx c in the event of any change in the rules and regulations of the federal communications commission with respect to syndicated and sports program exclusivity after april xx xxxx the rates established by section xxxdxb may be adjusted to assure that such rates are reasonable in light of the changes to such rules and regulations but any such adjustment shall apply only to the affected television broadcast signals carried on those systems affected by the change d the gross receipts limitations established by section xxxdxc and d shall be adjusted to reflect national monetary inflation or deflation or changes in the average rates charged cable system subscribers for the basic service of providing secondary transmissions to maintain the real constant dollar value of the exemption provided by such section and the royalty rate specified therein shall not be subject to adjustment and x as soon as possible after the date of enactment of this act and no later than six months following such date the president shall publish a notice announcing the initial appointments provided in section xxx and shall designate an order of seniority among the initiallyappointed commissioners for purposes of section xxxb section xxx membership of the tribunal ga the tribunal shall be composed of five commissioners appointed by the president with the advise and consent of the senate for a term of seven years each of the first five members appointed three shall be designated to serve for seven years from the date of the notice specified in section xxxc and two shall be designated to serve for five years from such date respectively commissioners shall be compensated at the highest rate now or hereafter prescribe sic for grade xx of the general schedule pay rates x u s c xxxx b upon convening the commissioners shall elect a chairman from among the commissioners appointed for a full sevenyear term such chairman shall serve for a term of one year thereafter the most senior commissioner who has not previously served as chairman shall serve as chairman for a period of one year except that if all commissioners have served a full term as chairman the most senior commissioner who has served the least number of terms as chairman shall be designated as chairman c any vacancy in the tribunal shall not affect its powers and shall be filed for the unexpired term of the appointment in the same manner as the original appointment was made section xxx procedures of the tribunal ga the tribunal shall adopt regulations not inconsistent with law governing procedure and methods of operation except as otherwise provided in this chapter the tribunal shall be subject to the provisions of the administrative procedure act of june xx xxxx as amended c xxx xx stat xxx title x united states code chapter x subchapter ii and chapter x section xxx institution and conclusion of proceedings ga with respect to proceedings under section xxxbx concerning the investment of royalty rates as provided in sections xxx and xxx and with respect to proceedings under section xxxbxa and d x on january x xxxx the chairman of the tribunal shall cause to be published in the federal register notice of commencement of proceedings under this chapter and x during the calendar years specified in the following schedule any owner or user of a copyrighted work whose royalty rates are specified by this title or by a rate established by the tribunal may file a petition with the tribunal declaring that the petitioner requests an adjustment of the rate the tribunal shall make a determination as to whether the applicant has a significant interest in the royalty rate in which an adjustment is reQuested if the tribunal determines that the petitioner has a significant interest the chairman shall cause notice of this determination with the reasons therefor to be published in the federal register together with notice of commencement of proceedings under this chapter a in proceedings under section xxxbxa and d such petition may be filed during xxxx and in each subseQuent fifth calendar year b in proceedings under section xxxbx concerning the adjustment of royalty rates as provided in section xxx such petition may be filed in xxxx and in each subseQuent tenth calendar year c in proceedings under section xxxbx concerning the adjustment of royalty rates under section xxx such petition may be filed in xxxx and in each subseQuent tenth calendar year b with respect to proceedings under subclause b or c of section x following an event described in either of those subsections any or user of a copyrighted work whose royalty rates are specified by section by a rate established by the tribunal may within twelve months file a on with the tribunal declaring that the petitioner reQuests an adjustment of the rate in this event the tribunal shall proceed as in subsection ax above any change in royalty rates made by the tribunal pursuant to this subsection may be reconsidered in xxxx xxxx and each fifth calendar year thereafter in accordance with the provisions in section xxxbxb or c as the case may be c with respect to proceedings under section xxxbx concerning the determination of reasonable terms and rates of royalty payments as provided in section xxx the tribunal shall proceed when and as provided by that section d with respect to proceedings under section xxxbx concerning the distribution of royalty fees in certain circumstances under sections xxx or xxx the chairman of the tribunal shall upon determination by the tribunal that a controversy exists concerning such distribution cause to be published in the federal register notice of commencement of proceedings under this chapter e all proceedings under this chapter shall be initiated without delay following publication of the notice specified in this section and the tribunal shall render its final decision in any such proceeding with one year from the date of such publication section xxx staff of the tribunal ga the tribunal is authorized to appoint and fix the compensation of such employees as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this chapter and to prescribe their functions and duties b the tribunal may procure temporary and intermittent services to the same extent as is authorized by section xxxx of title x section xxx administrative support of the tribunal ga the library of congress shall provide the tribunal with necessary administrative services including those related to budgeting accounting financial reporting travel personnel and procurement the tribunal shall pay the library for such services either in advance or by reimbursement from the funds of the tribunal at amounts to be agreed upon between the librarian and the tribunal b the library of congress is authorized to disburse funds for the tribunal under regulations prescribed jointly by the librarian of congress and the tribunal and approved by the comptroller general such regulations shall establish requirements and procedures under which every voucher certified for payment by the library of congress under this chapter shall be supported with a certification by a duly authorized officer or employee of the tribunal and shall prescribe the responsibilities and accountability of said officers and employees of the tribunal with respect to such certifications section xxx deduction of costs of proceedings before any funds are distributed pursuant to a final decision in a proceeding involving distribution of royalty fees the tribunal shall assess the reasonable costs of such proceeding section xxx reports in addition to its publication of the reports of all final determinations as provided in section xxxgb the tribunal shall make an annual report to the president and the congress concerning the tribunals work during the preceding fiscal year including a detailed fiscal statement of account section xxx effective date of final determinations any final determination by the tribunal under this chapter shall become effective thirty days following its publication in the federal register as provided in section xxxgb unless prior to that time an appeal has been filed pursuant to section xxx to vacate modify or correct such determination and notice of such appeal has been served on all parties who appeared before the tribunal in the proceeding in question where the proceeding involves the distribution of royalty fees under sections xxx or xxx the tribunal shall upon the expiration of such thirtyday period distribute any royalty fees not subject to an appeal filed pursuant to section xxx section xxx judicial review any final decision of the tribunal in a proceeding under section xxxgb may be appealed to the united states court of appeals within thirty days after its publication in the federal register by an aggrieved party the judicial review of the decision shall be had in accordance with chapter x of title x on the basis of the record before the tribunal no court shall have jurisdiction to review a final decision of the tribunal except as provided in this section end of the project gutenberg edition of the xxxx us copyright act